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University study Semester 1 > Psychology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Psychology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical evidence

A

any evidence when youre using lots of methods and reguris testing

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2
Q

Pseudoscience/pop psych

A

aren’t based in science

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3
Q

3 examples of pseudoscience

A

myers briggs personality test, rebirthing therapy, measels vaccine causes autism, fortune telling, astrology

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4
Q

critical thinking

A

-ability and willingness to asses claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well supported reasons and evidence rather then emotions
-not letting our biasis lead us one way or another

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5
Q

5 steps to becoming a good critical thinker

A

-ask questions, be willing to wonder
-critical and creative thinking begins with wondering WHY
-define your terms
-frame your question in clear and concrete terms
-vague or poorly defined terms in a question produce misleading or incomplete answers
-Analyze assumptions and biasses
-assumptions are beliefs that are taken for granted
-if we don’t recognize our own assumptions and those of other people our ability to judge an arguments merite may be impaired
-when an assumption or belief keeps us from considering evidence fairly and creates biases
-examine the evidence
-base conclusions on evidence, avoiding oversimplification, resisting easy generalizations and rejecting thinking
-weigh conclusions
-be ok to live with uncertainty
-important to tolerate uncertainty and consider other interpretations

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6
Q

empiricism

A

philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience

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7
Q

Determinism

A

the belief that all events are governed by lawful, cause and effect relationships

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8
Q

Zeitgeist

A

general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history
-delayed the science of psychology

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9
Q

Materialism

A

the belief that humans, and other living beings are composed exclusively of physical matter

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10
Q

when were the blunder years?

A

1800s

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11
Q

why were the blunder years important?

A

important insights but tended to be flawed

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12
Q

phrenology

A

your brain size and compartments determine your traits

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13
Q

what did Wilhelm Wundt do?

A

-setup first lab dedicated to study human behaviour
-used introspection: a process of looking within to describe psychological sensations, observations, lacked rylyability

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14
Q

what is introspection?

A

a process of looking within to describe psychological sensations, observations, lacked rylyability

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15
Q

Structuralism

A

analyzing consious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together. (break down thought from biggest to smallest thought) super subjective, each interviewer would come away with different comclusions

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16
Q

William James

A

-wrote the first modern textbook on psycology
-influenced by Darwins evolutionary principles
-proposed functionalism

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17
Q

functionalism

A

the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience.

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18
Q

Behaviourism

A

study observable behaviour, they don’t talk about mental processus but just what you can see

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19
Q

Classical conditioning

A

associate an involuntary response and a stimulus-dog drooling when you bring food, it didnt learn to drool it just does. if you blow the whistle every time you bring the dog food eventually if you just blow the whistle the dog will drool even if theres not food

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20
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

associate a voluntary behaviour and a consequence-treats to reward for behaviour we want, reward or consequence

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21
Q

what are the 5 pillars of psychology?

A

Biological, Cognitive, Developmental, Social and Personality, Mental and Physical health

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What is the biological pillar?

A

-bodily events associated with actions, thoughts and feelings, as well as genetic contributions to behaviour
-electircal impulses, hormones, brains ability to sense sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touches
-study how these events interact with events in the external envvironment to produce perceptions, memories, and behaviour
ex. study structural differences and comparing them between people to understand behaviour

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24
Q

What is the cognitive pillar?

A

-reason and remeber
-comprehend language
-solve problems
-explain experiences
-acquire moral standards

explores insight, false memory and thinking outside of conscious awareness

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25
Q

What is the developmental pillar?

A

-explores ways in which prefernces, attitudes, identities and social patterns change over one’s lifetime
-ask questions about how we come to acquire the skills and tendencies we have now and how these processes continue to evolve throughout the rest of our lives

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26
Q

What is the social and personality pillar?

A

-examines the power of different situations to shape peoples thoughts, feelings, and behavrious
-reminds us of the important influence cultural experiences

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27
Q

what is the mental and physical health pillar?

A

-diagnosing and treating mental illness
-stress
-healthy eating habits
-coping mecanisms

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28
Q

Give examples of what a psychologist can do:

A

-teaching and doing research

-helping people with assesments
-clinical setting
-also can do research
sports
advertising and consumer issues
organizational problems
environmental issues
government
opinion polls
military training

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of research?

A

basic and applied psychology

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30
Q

What is basic psychology?

A

study of issues for the primary purpose of expanding the scientific knowledge

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31
Q

what is applied psychology?

A

the study of psychological issues for the primary purpose of address a specific real-world problem

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32
Q

what does a counseling psychologist do?

A

help people deal with problems of everyday life such as tetst anxiety, family conflict or job motivation

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33
Q

what does a clinical psychologist do?

A

diagnose, treat and study mental or emotional problems, are trained to do psychotherapy with severely disturbed or others

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34
Q

What does a psychiatrist do?

A

goes to med school first and then specializes

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35
Q

What is the main difference between psychologist vs psychiatrists?

A

drugs, different approach, med school

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36
Q

between subject design

A

control group and experimental group of different ppl

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37
Q

within-subjects design

A

same ppl work as the control group and then the experimental group, can cause the ordering effect but can be counteracted by splitting the group in 2 and then swapping material

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38
Q

advantages of experiments:

A

can determine causation
-test out the placebo (make sure its not just that and that the drug etc is actually working)

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39
Q

single-blind study

A

participant doesn’t know which group they are in

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40
Q

double blind study

A

both the participant and the researcher don’t know which group is which

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41
Q

limitations in studies

A

-participation is often students that may not represent the wider population
-artificial situations and environment (they know they’re being monitored/tested)

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42
Q

descriptive stats

A

used to organize, summarize and interpret data

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43
Q

frequency

A

normal curve, negative and positive skewed

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44
Q

variability

A

degree to which scores are dispersed in a distribution

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45
Q

standard deviation

A

average distance from the mean

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46
Q

inferential stats

A

dont just describe the data but let researchers draw conclusions

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47
Q

significance tests

A

tell the researchers how likely it is that the results of the study occured merely by chance

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48
Q

null hypothesis

A

assumes that any differences between groups are due to chance

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49
Q

experimental/alternative hypothesis

A

assumes any diffferences are due to a variable controlled by the experimenter

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50
Q

behavioral genetics

A

interdisciplinary field of study concerned with genetic contributions to individual difference in behaviour and personality nature vs nurture (can’t have one without the other)

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51
Q

genome

A

wide association studies- look for genes that vary across people and see if those genetic variants are consistently observed in those who have a specific disease or trait, compared to those without it.
ex. large random group of people who have a certain diease

52
Q

linkage studies

A

take advantage of the tendency of genes lying close together on a chromosmes to be inherited together across generations, looks at genetic markers (dna segments that vary considerably among individuals and whose locations on the chromosomes are already known)
ex. a family

it does not tell the researcher about its role in physical and physiological functioning

53
Q

Epigenetics

A

study stable changes in the expression of a particular gene that occur without changes in dna base sequences, how environmental changes things ex memory loss, etc
ex height is very much based on genetics but if they lack nutrition when growing they may be stunted.

54
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

are interested in the origins of many human behaviours ex smiling and laughter whish are universal among primates and are part of our shared evolutionary heritage.
traced to the processe of evolution, especially the process of natural selection

55
Q

mental modules

A

specialized parts of the brain to handle specific survival problems

56
Q

what are the 5 inhate human characteristics

A

infant reflexes
an interest in novelty
a desire to explore and manipulate objects
an impulse to play and fool around
basic cognitive abilities

57
Q

sociobiology

A

field that emphasizes evolutionary explanations of social behaviour in animals, including human beings

58
Q

heritability

A

estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group (ranges from 0-1) it applies only to a particular gropu living in a particular environment, not a specific person but within a group of people

59
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins, almost the same DNA

60
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal, share around 50% of DNA

61
Q

adoption studies

A

compare traits of a child between their biological parents (nature) and their adopted parents (nurture)

62
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

sends out messages to muscles, glands and organs, spinal cord produces some behaviours on its own without any help from the brain, spinal reflexes are automatic (no concious effort)

63
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

handles the CNS’s input and output

64
Q

somatic (skeletal nervous system)

A

permits sensation and voluntary actions

65
Q

autonomic

A

regulates blood and internal (visceral) organs

66
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

mobilizes body for action

67
Q

parasympathetic

A

conserves energy

68
Q

dendrites

A

small branches that recieve signals from other cells and transmit them to the axons

69
Q

cell body

A

part of the nueral that houses the nucleus

70
Q

axon

A

transports info in the form of electrochemical reactions from the cell body to the end of the neuron

71
Q

axon hillock/nodes of ranvier

A

if stimuli is strong enough and action potential is reaches at the hillock it moves down the Axon.

72
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating layer that forms around the axon, allows electrical impulses to be transmitted quiskly and efficiently.

73
Q

glial cells

A

variety of cell types that serve support functions for the neurons

74
Q

microglia

A

engulf debris and mounts immune response

75
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce extenstion that wrap axons iin myelin

76
Q

astrocytes

A

provide physical support and delivers energy to nerurons

77
Q

neurogenesis

A

production of new neurons from immature stem cells

78
Q

stem cells

A

immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential, given encouraging environments to evelp into mature cells of any type

79
Q

sensory neuron

A

gather info from inside and outside the body

80
Q

interneuron

A

recieve info from sensory and decide what to do

81
Q

motor neuron

A

responds to the stimulation from the sensory neuron of it is deemed strong enough

82
Q

synapse

A

communication between two neurons, wave of electrical voltage (action potential) reaches the end of a transmitting axon, neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft

83
Q

action potential

A

(all or nothing effect) firing or not firing, no in between

84
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring

85
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

decreases the likelihood of an action potential occurring

86
Q

agonists

A

drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neurotransmitters action (direct vs indirect)

87
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing synthesis of the neurotransmitter

88
Q

hormones

A

mainly produced by the endocrine glands, long distance messangers, released directly into the bloodstream, affect and are affected by the nervous system

89
Q

lesion method

A

removal or disabling of a non-human animal’s brain structure to gain better understanding of its function (disalbing different parts to see which part is responsable for things)

90
Q

transcranial stimulation (TMS)

A

electrocurrent (not very olcalized but good for right vs left)

91
Q

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

A

refiined TMS (impulsivity control)

92
Q

transcranial alternating current (tACS)

A
93
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

not very precise (good for mappin gout how often but not why or where)

94
Q

event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

waveforms of neural activity associated with specific stimuli or events (more precise but still not when or why)

95
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

which part of the brain is using more glucose (radioactive glucose is given to patients) red mean higher concentration meaning more active

96
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

very clear photo of the brain but that’s it, fluids, decrease or increase of grey matter, see lesions

97
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

MRI image and overlays data onto it (from blood oxygen levels)

98
Q

EEG

A

recording of neural activity detected by electrodes

99
Q

ERPs

A

waveforms of neural activity associated with specific stimuli or events (we still don’t know where the activity is occurring but we know when)

100
Q

medulla

A

automatic functions (heart beat, breathing)

101
Q

pons

A

sleeping, waking,dreaming (melatonin produced and used)

102
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

screens incoming info, alertness

103
Q

cerebellum

A

balance, muscle coordination, cognitive and emotional learning (if damages, very clumsy and trouble with motor skills)

104
Q

thalamus

A

directs sensory message to the appropriate higher centers in the brain (hearing, seeing, tasting and touch)

105
Q

olfactory bulb

A

smell

106
Q

hypothalamus

A

emotion and vital drives, autonomic nerouvs system, orders pituitary gland (bodies boss)

107
Q

amygdala

A

evaluating sensory info, mediate anxiety and depression

108
Q

hippocampus

A

key brain structure in the formation of new memories (two of them(hemispheres) critical in long term memory

109
Q

cerebrum

A

divided into cerbral hemispheres (connected by corpus callosum)

110
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

specialization of the 2 for particular operation (left side controls the right vice versa)

111
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin layers of cells covering cerebrum (responsible for higher mental functions)

112
Q

occipital

A

visual cortex

113
Q

parietlal

A

somatosensory cortex, pressure, pain, touch, temp

114
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

pateint can’t process anything on the left side of their visual field

115
Q

temporal

A

auditory cortex (wernicke’s area involved in language comprehension)

116
Q

frontal

A

motor cortex, voluntary movement (broca’s area, speech production, can’t talk not smooth)

117
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for higher mental processes

118
Q

front lobes of prefrontal cortex

A

social judgement, decision making, carrying out plans

119
Q

phineas gage

A

metal rod stuck through his brian, damaged only his prefrontal cortex, completely different person but normal)

120
Q

hemi field vision

A

vision from right eye half goes to each side of the brain (same for left)

121
Q

split brian surgery

A

helped ppl with epilepsy, first tested on cats, myers and sperry, not able to communicate against hemispheres like vision memory

122
Q

left

A

logic, symoblic and sequential tasks

123
Q

right

A

visual-spatial, facial recognition, creation and appreciation of art and music

124
Q

neural plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change sturctue and function

125
Q

adult neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons as an adult

126
Q
A

University study Semester 1 (2 decks)

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