Psychology Chapter 9:motivation Flashcards
what are the three perspectives on motivation
Drives and Incentive Theory
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Homeostasis
The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
incentives
an environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Arousal theory
view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal—neither too high nor too low
low arousal ► boredom ►
motivation for stimulation high arousal
high arousal ► overstimulation ►
motivation for calm
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Need for Achievement is a desire for:
▪ significant accomplishment
▪ mastering skills or ideas
▪ control
▪ rapidly attaining a high standard
Emotion
a complex psychological state pr response
Components of emotion:
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
consciously experienced thoughts and feelings
Emotionscan act as triggers
to motivate behavior, contribute to rational decision making, understanding and maintenance of relationships
reflect evolutionary adaptations to the problems of survival and reproduction
Can Researchers are able to differentiate emotions based on physiological arousal, including heart rate, respiration (breathing rate), and perspiration?
true or false
false
Emotional arousal and physiological response controlled by the divisions of the
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic division
arousing
sympathetic division body
pupils dilate
salivation decreases
skin perspires
heart accerlates
secretes stress hormone
parasympathetic division
calming
parasympathetic division body
pupils contract
salivation increases
skin dries
heart slows
decrease secretes stress hormone
How do we experience emotions…
Cognitions (thoughts)
Physiological arousal
Subjective experience (feelings)
Some emotions, such as basic likes, dislikes, and fears, happen instantly without conscious appraisal (thought), whereas other more complex emotions such as love or hatred are affected by our interpretations and appraisals (thought processes).
Zajonc; LaDoux
Bodily responses (e.g., heart racing) happens at the same time that we have a subjective feeling (e.g., feeling afraid).
Cannon-Bard
Our subjective experience (e.g., feeling afraid) happens in response to our bodily responses (e.g., heart beating faster).
James-Lange
Emotion is derived from two factors: general arousal (similar bodily arousal for most emotions) and a conscious appraisal (a thought as to how we label or interpret the experience)
Schachter-Singer Two Factor
can Facial expressions can influence how we feel. For example, smiling can lead someone to feel happy. And, frowning can lead someone to feel sad.
true or false
true
Moderate arousal leads to optimal performance
Yerkes-Dodson law
Drive-reduction theory
Physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst) create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need (for example, by eating or drinking).
Self-determination theory can
help leaders motivate people
Ostracism
can also make people disagreeable, uncooperative, and hostile, which leads to further ostracism
achievement motivation as a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard.
Henry Murray
intrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
James-Lange- Our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.
Cannon-Bard- Bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.
Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.
We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.
Zajonc; LeDoux Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.
We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.
Lazarus Cognitive appraisal (“Is it dangerous or not?”) — sometimes without our awareness — defines emotion.
The sound is “just the wind.”
