psychology chapter 4 Flashcards
what is consciousness?
it is the awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain or detection of light.
what is wakefulness?
high levels of sensory awareness, thought and behaviour - being awake
describe past vs modern unconsciousness
Past (Freud’s unconsciousness):
-Dynamic unconscious: Active
system, hidden memories,
instincts and desires, and the
person’s inner struggle to
control these forces
* Repression: Removes
unacceptable thoughts and
memories from consciousness
-basement
Modern Unconsciousness:
-Cognitive unconscious: Mental
processes that give rise to a
person’s thoughts, choices,
emotions, and behaviour even
though they are not
experienced by the person
-computer running in the background
Describe Freud’s Level of Consciousness.
- The conscious mind
This is the tip of the iceberg, or the part of the mind you’re actively aware of. It includes thoughts, feelings, and perceptions you’re experiencing right now. - The preconscious mind
Just below the surface, the preconscious contains information that you aren’t currently thinking about, but can easily bring to mind when needed (e.g. literature) - The unconscious mind
This is the deepest part of the iceberg, hidden below the water. It’s where Freud believed most of our desires, fears, painful memories, and urges live. You aren’t aware of these thoughts, and they can influence your behaviour without you realizing it.
What is Jung’s levels of consciousness?
-Pyramid
1. Conscious Mind (Ego)
What it is: The Ego represents the conscious mind, similar to Freud’s idea of consciousness. It includes thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and memories that we are actively aware of.
2. Personal Unconscious
similar to Freud’s unconscious but with some key differences. It contains memories, thoughts, and experiences that have been forgotten or repressed, but it also includes things that are not actively in your awareness (like habits or unimportant details). - memories and impulses, forgotten events
Example: An old childhood memory you’ve forgotten, but that influences your relationships today, is in your unconscious.
3. Collective Unconscious: shared by all humans, universal experiences, symbols, and patterns that all people inherit, regardless of culture or personal experience. - ARCHETYPES
Define a biological rhythm
an internal cycle of biological activity that includes
-fluctuation of body temperature
-menstrual cycle
-levels of alertness
what is a circadian rhythm?
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
name the brain areas involved in consciousness
hypothalamus: homeostasis
pituitary gland: produces melatonin, good for sleep
pineal gland:
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
define sleep
-state marked by relatively low physical activity and a reduced sense of awareness
-sleep-wake cycles are controlled by multiple brain areas including the thalamus and hypothalamus (slow-wave sleep) and the pons (REM sleep)
Sleep is associated with the secretion and regulation of many hormones including:
-Melatonin
- Follicle stimulating hormone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Growth hormone.
Why do we sleep?
- Adaptive function (evolutionary hypotheses)
- Cognitive Function
- Benefits of Sleep
define sleep regulation
the brain’s control of
switching between sleep and wakefulness as
well as coordinating this cycle with the outside
world.
define sleep debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis (lose out on sleep)
define sleep rebound
a sleep-deprived individual
will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep
during subsequent opportunities for sleep.
Brainwave activity during sleep.
Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep.
Changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG.
-alpha: relatively low
frequency, relatively high
amplitude, synchronized. (As you relax, like when you’re lying in bed with your eyes closed)
-theta: low frequency,
low amplitude. (light sleep, dreaming)
-delta: low frequency,
high amplitude (deep sleep)
what is a hypnogram? why is it important?
graphical representation of the different stages of sleep over the course of a night. important to go from one stage to another, need to fill these cycles, natural interruptions to our sleep
what does the research say about dreams?
-Dreams may represent life
events that are important to the
dreamer.
-State of proto-consciousness
what are lucid dreams?
certain aspects of wakefulness are
maintained during a dreaming
state. dreams that seem hyperrealistic.
compare freud’s and jung’s theories on dreams.
freud:
-manifest content: actual content of dream (images and events that one remembers upon waking)
-latent content: hidden meaning of dream
jung:
-Collective Unconscious: Jung proposed that dreams connect us to a shared reservoir of experiences and knowledge across humanity, which he called the collective unconscious.
-Universal Archetypes: He believed that dreams contain symbols that represent universal themes or archetypes, such as the Hero, the Shadow, and the Anima/Animus
define these terms associated with substance use disorders:
-physiological dependence
-psychological dependence
-tolerance
-withdrawal
-Physiological dependence - involves changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal
upon cessation of use.
-Psychological dependence – emotional need for the drug
-tolerance: occurs when a person
requires more of a drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses
-Withdrawal: negative symptoms
experienced when drug use is
discontinued.
name the four different drug categories.
-stimulants (increase effects dopamine)
-depressants (slow down system, suppress nervous system)
-hallucinogens
-antipsychotics (decrease effects dopamine)
talk about STIMULANTS
Increase overall levels of neural activity. increase functionality, boost production dopamine (agonist)
Include:
* Cocaine
* Amphetamine
* Cathinones (i.e., bath salts)
* MDMA
* Caffeine
* nicotine
how does cocaine work in neurons to have the effect?
-blocks reuptake of dopamine
-so cocaine stays in synapse longer
-so bigger chance to stay and bind to post-synaptic cell
-leading to intensified signaling in the brain’s reward pathways
What are effect of MDMA and nicotine?
talk about DEPRESSANTS
GABA-gated chloride (Cl-) channel
is embedded in the cell membrane
of certain neurons.
* Multiple receptor sites where
alcohol, barbiturates, and
benzodiazepines bind to exert their
effects.
talk about OPIOIDS
Serve as analgesics (decrease pain) through their effects on the
endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system.
* Highly addictive.
* Includes:
- Heroine
- Morphine
- Methadone
- Codeine
pain management, system looses receptors
NARCAN is antagonist
talk about HALLUCINOGENS
- Variable with regards to the
specific neurotransmitter
systems they affect. - Mescaline and LSD (serotonin
agonists). - PCP and ketamine (NMDA
glutamate receptor
antagonists).
MUSHROOMS
talk about OTHER STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (two)
Hypnosis is an extreme focus on the self that
involves suggested changes of behavior and
experience.
* Relaxation and suggestion to alter the
thoughts and perceptions of a patient.
* Used to draw out information believed
to be buried in someone’s memory.
* Meditation is the act of focusing on a single
target such as breath or a repeated sound to
increase awareness of the moment.
* Meditation involves relaxed, yet
focused, awareness.
* Shows promise in stress management,
sleep quality, pain management and
treatment of mood and anxiety disorder.
