Psychology Chapter 2

Question 1

Hindsight

Answer 1

after-the-fact understanding

valuable insights and often the foundation to build further scientific inquiry

Question 2

Operational Definition

Answer 2

defines a variable in terms of specific procedures used to produce or measure it

Question 3

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 3

tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner or behaves

Question 4

Unobtrusive Measures

Answer 4

participants unaware of their responses being measured

Question 5

Archival data

Answer 5

data stored over period of time

look for trends, differences

Question 6

Polygraph

Answer 6

lie detector

oberserves physiological changes

Question 7

Experimental Research Method

Answer 7

manipulation/control over one or more variables

Question 8

Independent Variable

Answer 8

manipulated variable

what the researcher controls and changes

Question 9

Dependent Variable

Answer 9

responding variable

what the researcher is measuring and may be influenced by independent variable

Question 10

Experimenter Expectancy Effects

Answer 10

unintentional ways researchers influence participants to respond in a manner consistent with the hypothesis

Question 11

Double-blind Procedure

Answer 11

both the researcher and participant is unaware of if they are in control or experimental group

Question 12

Internal Validity

Answer 12

degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions

Question 13

Placebo

Answer 13

the mere expectation of receiving a treatment produces a change in behaviour

Question 14

External Validity

Answer 14

the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations

Question 15

Cross-cultural Replication

Answer 15

whether findings generalize across different cultures

Question 16

Replication

Answer 16

repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated

Question 17

Descriptive Research Method

Answer 17

identify how human and animals behave, particularly in natural settings

Question 18

Case Studies

Answer 18

unique case where individual has unique behaviour or problem with cognition

studying a single case in detail in hopes to discover the principles of behaviour that are true in general

Question 19

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 19

observe behaviour as it occurs in a natural setting

Question 20

Correlation

Answer 20

when 2 variables are related to each other

measuring variables, not manipulating

Question 21

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 21

(r)

indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables

Question 22

Positive Correlation

Answer 22

variables move in same direction

proportional relationship

Question 23

Negative Correlation

Answer 23

variables move in opposite direction

inversely proportional relationship

Question 24

Strength of Correlation

Answer 24

higher the number, stronger the relationship

impossible to have r value of 1

Question 25

Regression

Answer 25

takes correlative coefficient to make predictions

Question 26

Bidirectionality Problem

Answer 26

does x cause y or does y cause x?

Question 27

Third variable Problem

Answer 27

cannot infer cause and effect because of the ever-present possibility of third variable