Psychology Chapter 1

Question 1

Empirical Evidence

Answer 1

evidence gained through experience and observation, including evidence from manipulation

Question 2

Behaviour Genetics

Answer 2

the study of how behavioural tendencies are influenced by genetic factors

Question 3

Dualism

Answer 3

the belief that mind was spiritual entity and that mind and body were separate

Question 4

Monism

Answer 4

the mind and body are one

Question 5

Empiricism

Answer 5

all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically (observation or experience rather than theory or logic) through the senses

Question 6

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 6

came up with concept of structuralism

Question 7

Structuralism

Answer 7

study basic elements of consciousness (sensations) and the components that make up something

Question 8

Introspection

Answer 8

self reporting experiences while reacting to stimuli

Question 9

William James

Answer 9

came up with concept of functionalism

Question 10

Functionalism

Answer 10

emphasis on function or adaptive purpose of consciousness, focusing on “why”s instead of “what”s

Question 11

Sigmund Freud

Answer 11

founder of psychodynamic perspective

Question 12

Psychoanalysis

Answer 12

talk therapy which attempted to bring unconscious material into conscious awareness

Question 13

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 13

emphasize role of unconscious process (memories, urges we need to suppress,) and searched for causes of conscious behaviour within the inner workings of our personality

Question 14

Behavioural Perspective

Answer 14

humans are a blank slate at birth and behaviour is determined by habits learned from previous life experiences and by stimuli in our immediate environment

Question 15

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 15

behavioural perspective

classical conditioning with dog, where he got the dog to associate food with a sound, causing the dog to salivate upon hearing the sound

Question 16

B.F. Skinner

Answer 16

radical behaviourism

operant conditioning where he made a “skinner box” and got rat inside box to push leather to get food. when doing a wrong action, it was shocked

Question 17

Classical Conditioning

Answer 17

creating a reflex response by associating something with something else

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

learning from consequences of behaviour and make choices about what we’re gonna do based on what happens after

reward and punishment

Question 19

Cognitive behaviourism

Answer 19

punishing experiences don’t remove behaviour, but influence our thoughts

less extreme than behaviourism, as it no longer believes behaviour is solely governed by environment (person has own thoughts and cognition)

Question 20

Albert Bandura

Answer 20

looked at effects of modelling and aggression in children

had children watch adult playing with a bobo doll and watched how they followed the adult’s actions

Question 21

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 21

emphasized importance of personal choice, responsibility, personality growth, and positive feelings of self worth

meaning of our existence is in our own hands

Question 22

Abraham Maslow

Answer 22

created maslow’s hierarchy of needs, describing the basic, psychological, and self-fulfillment needs a human needs

Question 23

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 23

nature of the mind & how mental processes influence behaviour

studies mental processes, especially from a model that views mind as information processor

Question 24

Jean Piaget

Answer 24

studied cognitive development in children

measured intelligence with test questions and was interested in the types of mistakes children were making

Question 25

Gestalt psychology

Answer 25

how elements of experiences are organized into wholes

the perception of the whole, rather than its parts

Question 26

Modern Cognitive Perspective

Answer 26

study of mental processes and embodies the cognitive perspective

study the processes by which people reason, make decisions, solve problems, form perceptions, and produce and understand language

how unconscious processes influence behaviour

Question 27

Biological Perspective

Answer 27

explaining behaviour in terms of bodily structures (brain) & underlying biochemical processes (neurotransmitters)

Question 28

Behavioural Neuroscience

Answer 28

examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behaviour, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts

Question 29

Behavioural Genetics

Answer 29

how behaviour is influenced by genetic factors

Question 30

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 30

how evolution shaped modern human behaviour

natural selection/survival of the fittest

Question 31

Sociobiology

Answer 31

complex social behaviours are also built into human species as products of evolution

Question 32

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 32

uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain-imaging techniques to examine brain activity

links between brain activity and behaviour

Question 33

Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 33

influence of social environment & cultural learning on behaviour, thoughts, & feelings

Question 34

Social Psychology

Answer 34

effect of presence of others and how other people influence the choices you make

Question 35

Cultural Psychology

Answer 35

how values, beliefs, behaviours & traditions are transmitted to members of a culture