Psychology AO1 Flashcards
In the ICD-11, how many symptoms/for how long are sufficient for diagnosis
2+ Negative symptoms for 1 month or longer
In the DSM-5, how many symptoms/for how long are sufficient for diagnosis?
1+ Negative symptom for 1 month or longer
Which classification system recognises subtypes of Schizophrenia?
ICD-11 (e.g: Paranoid Delusions)
Diagnosis definition (SZ)
The identification of the nature of an illness by examination of symptoms (e.g: someone reporting hearing voices)
Classification definition (SZ)
The process of classifying something: the classification of a disease according to symptoms. (e.g: a symptom of SZ is hallucinations)
Reliability defiinition (SZ)
The consistency of classification and diagnosis of SZ
Validity definition (SZ)
The extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure (accurately identifying SZ symptoms in individuals)
What is reliability in terms of classification
The extent to which the ICD-11 and DSM-5 consistently agree upon how SZ should be classified
What is reliability in terms of diagnosis
The extent to which 2+ health professionals consistently agree on the same diagnosis irrespective of time or culture (Inter-rater reliability)
What is validity in terms of classification
The extent to which the ICD-11 and DSM-5 accurately identify the symptoms of SZ
What is validity in terms of diagnosis
The extent to which 2+ health professionals would accurately diagnose schizophrenia when using the classification systems (DSM-5 and ICD-11)
Reliability and validity in classification and diagnosis of SZ was conducted by… (AO1)
Cheniaux
What did Cheniaux do
Asked 2 psychiatrists to diagnose the same 100 patients using the ICD-11 and DSM-5
Validity findings of Cheniaux’s study
(Validity) One psychiatrist diagnosed almost double the number of patients using the ICD-11 than the DSM-5, questioning how accurately the ICD and DMS outline symptoms of SZ
Reliability findings of Cheniaux’s study
(Reliability) Poor inter-rater reliability as one psychiatrist diagnosed almost double the number of patients than the other psychiatrist. Lack of consistency.
Reliability =
Consistency
Validity =
How accurately measuring what we intend to measure
2 types of Validity
Internal and External
Ways of assessing external validity
- Face Validity
- Concurrent Validity
Define Face Validity (Face Value)
An independent psychologist in a similar/same field of research looks at the experimental conditions to see if they look like they measure what they intend to messure (CONTEXT). Of the researcher says ‘yes’ it has face validity
Define Concurrent Validity
Comparing the results of the new test to those of a previous similar study which have already been established for its validity. If results from both tests are similar, we assume the test is valid. The correlation must exceed +0.8
Ways of assessing reliability
- Test re-test
- Inter-rater reliability
Define test re-rest
Ppts. given a task to complete, same ppts. given same task to complete after a time delay (e.g: 2 weeks)> Correlate the results from each test using a stats test. Strong positive correlation of +0.8 shows high reliability.
Define inter-rater reliability
2 independent observers trained on how to use behaviour categories (e.g: CONTEXT). The 2 observers conduct experiment separately and observe the exact same behaviour for the same amount of time (CONTEXT) and independently record their observations. Tallies compared and correlated using appropriate stats test (strong pos. correlation of +0.8 shows high reliability)
