Psychology and Sociology Section Score 124 Flashcards
Explain the UCR, UCS, CS, CR for a classical conditioning experiment.
Humans and animals fear an electric shock normally. This makes the shock an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). A fear response to a shock is an unconditioned response (UCR). When the shock is paired with something neutral such as a bell the brain associates the bell with the fear of shock. The bell is now a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the fear of the bell is a conditioned response(CR).
What is internal validity in an experiment and an example?
How well a study is conducted in terms of avoiding confounding variables. Groups must be randomly assigned to distribute differences between the groups.
Who is Erik Erikson?
Famous for his theory on identity crisis and developmental psychology.
Who is Albert Bandura?
Famous for social learning theory
Who is Harry Harlow?
Harlow monkey experiments and socialization theory.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Came up with defense mechanism theory where individuals either deal with or avoid a stressor. Strategies include repression, projection, regression, and sublimation.
Where is the circle of willis?
Between the Pia mater and arachnoid membrane of the brain which is where blood vessels are also located. This is the subarachnoid space.
Bleeding between the brain and pia mater is what?
A parenchymal bleed.
Bleeding between the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater is what?
A subdural bleed.
Bleeding between the skull and dura mater is what?
An epidural bleed.
What are the functions of the cerebral spinal fluid?
- Reduction of brain ischemia
- Protection of the brain
- Electrolyte balance in the brain
What is an immediate factor that causes cell death?
Lack of oxygen to the cell which halts cellular respiration by stopping ATP production.
What is the amygdala responsible for and what system is it a part of?
Component of the limbic system. Plays an important role in processing emotion, memories, and motivation. How we perceive and process emotion.
What is Broca’s area responsible for?
Producing language, controls motor functions involved with producing speech. People with damage to this area can understand speech but have trouble initiating speech.
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
Responsible for releasing hormones and regulating body temperature. Someone with damage to this may experience depression due to the disruption of proper endocrine function. Located at the base of brain near the pituitary.
What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?
Responsible for speech comprehension. Someone with damage may have incoherent speech. Located on temporal lobe on left side of brain.
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
The frontal lobes are involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgment, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior.
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary axis responsible for?
Central stress response system. Affects adrenal glands and cortisol production. Affects reproductive organs by reducing function when environmental stressors are present. When stress is present causes lower GnRH, reduced gonadotropin release, and higher immune activation.
What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for?
Responsible for personality and is a part of the frontal lobe. Responsible for executive function and makes decisions for conflicting thoughts, good or bad, social situations.
What is Atavism?
Occurs when a genotype or phenotype emerges that has not been seen for many generations.
What is Altruism?
Acts in manner to benefit others at a cost to itself. Normally a reproductive cost.
What is divergent evolution?
When geography causes differences to occur over generations when group of species are isolated.
What is inclusive fitness?
Maximizing own genetic material in a population, includes family members.
Who is Solomon Asch?
Famous line study to see effects of conformity
Who is Stanley Milgram?
Studied obedience to authority. Shock experiments
Who is Philip Zimbardo?
Stanford Prison Experiment. Obedience to authority and conforming to a role.
Who is Leon Festinger?
Cognitive dissonance experiment with 20 versus 1 dollar.
Who is James Carlsmith?
Helped Festinger with cognitive dissonance experiments.
What are common observable effects of opiates such as heroine?
Sleepiness, slurred speech, decreased respiration, and constriction of the pupils (miosis) are observable effects of opiates such as heroin
What are the common observable effects of stimulants?
cocaine and methamphetamine typically have effects opposite from those of opiates, including rapid speech, increased respiration, and pupil dilation (mydriasis). LSD patients do not seem lethargic or sedated and also go through mydriasis.
What is the Schachter-Singer theory?
Similiar body responses may be interpreted as different emotions based on the scenario the response was stimulated by. Such as positive or negative anxiety.
What is the James-Lange theory?
Emotions are not directly caused by perception but by bodily responses to stimuli and does NOT account for stimuli.
What is the Universal Emotions theory?
certain emotions (sadness, happiness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust) are universal for all people across all cultures, assuming normal development has occurred.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time. Independent of each other.
What is ambivalent racism?
This can occur when a white individual expresses overwhelmingly favorable views towards a black person in a positive environment, but then expresses overwhelmingly unfavorable views towards a black person in a negative environment
What is Symbolic racism?
Individuals that display symbolic racism assert that discrimination against blacks no longer occurs in America and there is no inequality between blacks and whites anymore; therefore, differences between outcomes for whites and blacks are a result of “black people not working hard enough.”
What is Modern racism?
Individuals who display modern racism believe that blacks violate “traditional American values” and, instead of working hard to achieve their status, look for preferential treatment. Modern racists deny that discrimination against blacks still exists and resent blacks for gaining preferential treatment over whites.
What is collectivism?
the practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it
What is Egalitarianism?
the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
What is Liberalism?
is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law.
What is Ambivalent Sexism?
Ambivalent sexism occurs when men strongly value the patriarchal society and their important roles in it, while at the same time acknowledging that women do serve many valuable “feminine” functions in that society
What is Feminism?
Feminism is a social movement that advocates women’s rights and their political, social, and economic equality with men
What is hostile sexism?
refers to blatantly negative attitudes and feelings about women
What is old fashioned sexism?
does not acknowledge any roles for women apart from the domestic role and views women as inherently inferior to men
What is procedural bias?
how information is obtained and may occur when researchers put some sort of pressure on subjects to provide responses. By offering monetary compensation of any amount to subjects, researchers used incentive to obtain results
What is Self-reporting bias?
when subjects skew their responses, often to impress or appease researchers.
What is Selection bias?
arises when the sample is not representative of the population. Such as not doing a random sampling.
What is Confirmation bias?
occurs when individuals actively seek out information that confirms their hypotheses or beliefs
What is a reference group?
includes those individuals who set the standard against which others may be measured; other groups are compared with the reference group.
What is an out group?
denotes a social group to which individuals do not believe they belong; its members are perceived as different and may be discriminated against or excluded
What is an in group?
individuals believe that they belong to their respective in-groups and tend to take pride in this membership