Psychology and Sociology: Learning, Memory, and Behavior. Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
Biological and instinctual responses to create an association between two unrelated stimuli. Think of Pavlov’s Dog as the main example.
How does classical conditioning work?
Taking a neutral stimuli and pairing it with an unconditioned stimuli in order to change the neutral stimuli to a conditioned response.
What is extinction in terms of classical conditioning?
If you stimuli are no longer paired, then the subject will lose the association between the two stimuli after time.
What is spontaneous recovery in terms of classical conditioning?
After extinction of the two stimuli, if the two are paired then the response can be initiated again.
What is operant conditioning?
operant conditioning links consequences to behavior in order to produce a response.
Who is the father of behavioralism?
B.F. Skinner.
What is reinforcement?
Reinforcement is the process of increasing the likelihood that a behavior will be preformed again. Positive reinforcement adds to the reinforcement such as money. Negative reinforcement takes something away to reinforce such as pain medication for pain.
What is punishment?
Punishment reduces the likelihood that a behavior will be performed. Positive added something so the behavior won’t happen again such as a ticket. Negative removes something so the behavior won’t again again such as privileges.
What are the four schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed Ratio: event occurs after specific number.
Variable Ratio: event occurs at random.
Fixed Interval: event occurs at specific time.
Variable Interval: event occurs at random times.
What concept does the Bobo Doll experiment by Bandura represent?
Observational Learning. We learn by watching other people and their actions.
What are the four common concepts associated with Classical Conditioning?
Generalization, Discrimination, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery.
What is shaping in terms of operant conditioning?
Successively reinforce behaviors that approximate the target behavior. Small tasks that will lead you to your end goal. Learning to do a headstand.
What is learning- performance distinction?
Learning a behavior and performing a behavior are two separate things. Just because you learn something doesn’t mean you’ll perform it.
What is Social Cognitive Theory?
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
List the three modes in which information can be encoded from strongest to weakest.
Semantic, Acoustic, and visual.
What is explicit memory?
Type of long term memory.
Semantic holds facts
Episodic holds memories.
What is implicit memory?
Type of long term memory
Procedural remembers how to do things.
Priming helps to the brain prepare for a situation.
What is rouge rehearsal and how effective is it?
Art of saying something over and over again in hopes or remembering. This rarely works.
What are some mnemonic devices?
Imagery: pain a vivid image to remember.
PEG system: rhymes to help remember a list
Method of Loci: create a story to remember.
What are some retrieval cues?
Priming: preps your brain for context
Context dependent: environment helps retrieval.
State Dependence: retrieval during state of mind.
What is free recall?
Trying to recall information without any cues. This is associated with the primary effect, or remembering the first items. This is associated with the recency effect, or remembering the last few items.
What is cued recall?
Trying to recall information with the help of cues.
What are some examples of imperfect memory?
Memory isn’t always perfect and is undergoing changes as we grow. False memory and misinformation about car crashes can be an example.
What did Ebbinghaus do to contribute to memory?
Study of decay and information.
