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VCE GLOSSARY 🐋 > PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness:

A

Our awareness of internal and external environments at any given moment in time. Stream of thoughts, feelings and sensations that is ever changing and flowing. Psychological construct

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2
Q

Continuum of awareness

A 
Total awareness 
. Focussed attention: ignoring irrelevant stimuli  
. Ordinary wakefulness 
. Daydreaming 
. Meditation 
. Hypnosis 
. Sleep 
. Anaesthetised 
. Coma 
. Total lack of awareness
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3
Q

Normal waking consciousness:

A

a state of consciousness characterised by clear and organised alertness to internal and external stimuli. Eg. Focused attention

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4
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Malfunction of and deterioration to neurone which leads to impairment in movement.
- due to lack of dopamine

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5
Q

Symptoms Parkinson’s

A

Tremors. Speech and swallowing problems

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6
Q

Treatment of Parkinson’s

A

Levodopa which is absorbed by the brains nerve cells and converted to dopamine

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7
Q

SELF CONTROL:

A

the ability to maintain and monitor appropriate thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
NWC
. awareness of self
. conscious ability to take control of behaviour
. some psychological and physical limitations
ASC
. self control is compromised EG. asleep, drunk

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8
Q

TIME ORIENTATION:

A

Ability to accurately estimate the passage of time
NWC
. perception of time is accurate
. awareness of past, present and future events
ASC
. sense of time is distorted ie time could be perceived to be moving quicker or slower

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9
Q

CONTENT LIMITATIONS:

A

the ability to control internal thoughts and feels is limited in an altered state of consciousness
NWC
. content is limited in type and amount, we can block information that we don’t want
. very few bizarre thoughts
ASC
. content is fairly unlimited mainly due to lack of control. Random and illogical.

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10
Q

PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS:

A

The degree of awareness, efficiency and reality of sensory stimuli interpretation. If disturbed, interpretations cease to be as accurate and efficient
NWC
. sensations reflect reality
. perception is clear leading to heightened awareness of surroundings
ASC
. perception can be dulled or heightened
. can be distorted, losing their sense of identity

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11
Q

COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS:

A

The degree of awareness, efficiency and reality of thoughts and mental processes if disturbed, they are seen as accurate and efficient
NWC
. cognition is usually logical and organised
. effective memory functioning
. capable of analytical and logical thinking
ASC
. cognition is illogical and fragmented
. memory is impaired
. cognitive distortions may occur eg thinking everyone is out for you

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12
Q

EMOTIONAL AWARENESS:

A

The way we experience and express emotion and our level of awareness and control in showing the normal range of appropriate emotions.
NWC
. show normal range of appropriate emotions
ASC
. emotional response tend to be inappropriate

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13
Q

bright light therapy.

A

For both jet lag
sufferers and teenagers, bright light therapy is most effective when given
first thing in the morning for at least 30 minutes. For people who work night
shift, bright light therapy is best when used just before their shift begins and
while they are at work. Shift workers could use bright light therapy first
thing in the morning when trying to resynchronise their sleep–wake cycle
with their external environment.

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14
Q

the brain

A

receives, processes and integrates information from the rest of the body and generates responses.

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15
Q

coping strategy

A

is a specific method, behavioural or psychological that people use to manage or reduce stress produced by the stressor

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16
Q

coping flexibility

A

refers to an individuals ability to adapt effectively to a range of stressful situations
various problem and emotion focused coping strategies

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17
Q

types of coping strategies

A

exercise: increases serotonin,
avoidance
. denial, procrastination, substance abuse, oversleeping
approach: attempting to decrease the stress by alleviating the problem

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18
Q

antecedent

A

stimulus conditions that exist in the environment prior to the response

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19
Q

experimental hypothesis

A 
A broad
and general prediction about the
direction of the relationship between
variables in an experiment; i.e.
whether the variables increase or
decrease in relation to one another
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20
Q

research (or operational)

hypothesis

A 
A hypothesis that
operationalises the variables by
precisely defining and describing
how each variable is measured, and
predicts the exact effect the IV is
expected to have on the DV
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21
Q

sample

A

The group of participants
in a research study selected from,
and representative of, a population of
research interest

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22
Q

extraneous variable

A

in an
experiment, a variable other than
the IV that might cause unwanted
changes in the DV

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23
Q

controlled variable

A 
An extraneous
variable whose influence has been
eliminated from an experiment so
that it cannot affect results; it has
been controlled
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24
Q

uncontrolled variable

A 
An
extraneous variable whose
influence has not been eliminated
from an experiment because the
experimenter was not aware of it
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25
Q

confounding variable

A 
An
uncontrolled variable that has had
an unwanted effect on the DV and
might be confused with the effect
of the IV
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26
Q

standardisation

A

Establishing
standards for administering a test
and interpreting scores

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27
Q

participant variables

A 
Individual
differences in the personal
characteristics of research
participants that, if not controlled,
can confound the results of the
experiment
28
Q

order effect

A 
Where prior knowledge
of a task or situation influences a
participant's performance, which
in turn influences the results of
the experiment; also known as the
practice effect
29
Q

counterbalancing

A 
A method used
to control order effect, where half
the participants in an experiment are
exposed to the control condition first
and the other half are exposed to the
experimental condition first; this is
then reversed in the second instance
30
Q

experimenter effect

A 
Changes
in participants' behaviour that are
caused by the unintended influence
of the experimenter rather than
the IV
31
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A prediction that prompts people to act
in a way that makes the prediction
come true

32
Q

double-blind procedure

A 
An experimental procedure where
neither the experimenter nor
the participants know which
experimental condition the
participants have been allocated to
33
Q

placebo

A

A fake treatment that has
no active effect, such as a fake pill
or injection

34
Q

placebo effect

A

Changes in behaviour caused by the
participant’s belief that they have
been exposed to a treatment that
will affect them in some way

35
Q

single-blind procedure

A 
An experimental procedure where
participants do not know which
experimental condition they
have been assigned to, but the
experimenter does
36
Q

independent-groups design

A

An experimental design where
participants are randomly allocated
to either the experimental group or
control group

37
Q

matched-participants design

A 
An experimental design where
participants are paired (matched) on
the basis of similar characteristics
that can influence the DV, with one
of the pair being allocated to the
experimental group and the other to
the control
group
38
Q

repeated-measures design

A

An experimental design method where
the same group of participants
makes up both the experimental and
control groups

39
Q

random sampling

A 
A sampling technique ensuring that every
member of the population of interest
has an equal chance of being
selected for the sample being used
in a study
40
Q

stratified sampling

A

A sampling technique that ensures the sample

contains the same proportions of participants that are found in the population

41
Q

experimental group

A

in a controlled experiment, the group of participants that are exposed to the independent variable

42
Q

convenience sampling

A

A sampling technique involving the selection of participants because they are readily available to the researcher

43
Q

control group

A

in a controlled experiment, the group of participants

exposed to all conditions or variables except the independent variable

44
Q

random allocation

A 
A procedure for
assigning participants to either the
experimental group or control group
in an experiment, ensuring that all
participants have an equal chance of
being allocated to either group
45
Q

qualitative data

A

Data that describe the changes in the quality
of a behaviour; often accounts of
personal attitudes or experiences, or
descriptions of feelings

46
Q

quantitative data

A

Data collected through systematic and controlled
procedures and presented in
numerical form

47
Q

case study

A 
An in-depth, detailed
study of all aspects of a single
participant, group or event,
usually undertaken to gain insight
into a particular psychological
phenomenon
48
Q

observational studies

A 
A
method of data collection that
involves watching and recording
the behaviour of other persons
or animals within a specific
environment and drawing
conclusions based on the recorded
observations
49
Q

observer effect

A

Changes in
the behaviour of a person being
observed caused by their awareness
of the presence of an observer

50
Q

deception

A 
When information
about the true purpose
of a study is not given to
participants before a study
begins
51
Q

debriefing

A 
Informing
participants of the true purpose
of an experiment once it has
ended; correcting mistaken
attitudes or beliefs; providing
the opportunity to gain
information about the study;
providing information about
services to help with distress
that is a result of participation
52
Q

observer bias

A 
Bias in results of
an observational study that occurs
when an observer sees what they
expect to see, or records only
selected details of an observed
behaviour
53
Q

self-report

A 
A data-collection
technique in which individuals
are asked to freely express their
attitudes (verbally or in writing) by
answering questions
54
Q

participants’ rights.

A 
The individual
rights of all participants that must
be respected by the researcher, as
outlined in ethical guidelines relating
to psychological research
55
Q

confidentiality

A 
A participant's
right to privacy in terms of access,
storage and disposal of information
related to a research study in which
they participated
56
Q

withdrawal rights

A 
A participant's
right to withdraw from a study
or research at any time without
experiencing any negative
consequences
57
Q

voluntary participation

A

Participation whereby participants
agree to take part in an experiment
free from pressure or fear of
negative consequences

58
Q

informed consent

A 
Where a participant gives their written
consent to participate in a study
after being fully informed of the
true nature and purpose of the
experiment (where appropriate), any
foreseeable risks and their rights;
this occurs before an experiment
begins
59
Q

Mental health

A

is often defined as the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment. This also means that they are functioning well in the usual domains of their everyday life: work, study and relationships.

60
Q

Mental health problems

A

indicate a disruption to an individual’s usual level of social and emotional wellbeing, including when our abilities are negatively impacted.

61
Q

Resilience:

A

a person who has developed the ability to properly adapt to stress and cope with adversity

62
Q

Mental disorder (illness)

A

is a psychological state characterised by emotional difficulties that lead to emotional or behavioural impairment or disability serious enough to require psychiatric intervention

63
Q

Stress:

A

“A state of arousal involving unpleasant feelings of apprehension or uneasiness that something is wrong or something bad is about to happen. Normal response to pressure

64
Q

Anxiety:

A

state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of worry, dread or uneasiness that something is wrong or that something unpleasant is about to happen.

65
Q

Phobia:

A

type so anxiety disorder recurring, unrealistic and intrusive fear of a particular object or event.

66
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behaviour or behaviour potential due to experience

67
Q

memory

A

an active information processing system, that receive, stores, organises and records information

VCE GLOSSARY 🐋 (8 decks)

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