Psychology

Question 1

Seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time

Answer 1

The science of human development

Question 2

A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions

Answer 2

Scientific method

Question 3

• begin with curiosity and pose a question
• develop a hypothesis
• test the hypothesis
• analyze the evidence
• report the results

Answer 3

5 basic steps of the scientific method

Question 4

Repeat of a study, usually using different participants, perhaps of another age, SES, or culture

Answer 4

Replication: the final step

Question 5

• one-third did not reproduce same results

- one- third less conclusive than original

Answer 5

Published replication studies showed

Question 6

Influence of genes we inherit

Answer 6

Nature

Question 7

Influences of our environment, including the entire development context

Answer 7

Nurture

Question 8

Heredity-environment
Maturation-learning
Sex-gender

Answer 8

Manifestations

Question 9

• Ways in which environment alters genetic expression

- Differential susceptibility

Answer 9

Epigenetics

Question 10

Study of human development that takes into account all phases of life

Answer 10

Life-span perspective

Question 11

Multidisciplinary
Multicontextual
Multicultural 
Multidisciplinary
Plastic

Answer 11

Development viewed

Question 12

At every moment in life, context and culture affect each person’s past and shape their future

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Development is

Answer 13

Multidirectional

Question 14

Discontinuity and continuity

Answer 14

Patterns of change

Question 15

Climate, noise, population density

Answer 15

Psychical

Question 16

Urban, suburban or rural; multiethnic or not

Answer 16

Community

Question 17

each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions.
nested levels and systems surround individuals and affect them

Answer 17

bioecological theory

Question 18

• microsystems
• exosystems
• macrosystems
• mesosystem
• chronosystem

Answer 18

ecological system

Question 19

the___ and the ___ context are basic to understanding people

Answer 19

historical

socieconomic

Question 20

• born within the same historical period
• move through life together
• experience same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts at the same ages
• influence of attitudes and behaviors

Answer 20

historical context: cohort

Question 21

• involves education, occupation, neighborhood, income

- brings advantages and disadvantages

Answer 21

economic context reflected in socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 22

is a social construction

Answer 22

culture

Question 23

• biosocial development
• cognitive development
• psychosocial development

Answer 23

study of development

Question 24

includes all the growth and change that occur in a person’s body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change

Answer 24

biosocial development

Question 25

includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment

Answer 25

cognitive development

Question 26

encompasses perception, imagination, judgement, memory and language

Answer 26

cognition

Question 27

includes development of emotions, temperament and social skills.

Answer 27

psychosocial development

Question 28

- requires researcher to systematically and objectively record behavior - may be conducted in a naturalistic setting or a laboratory

Answer 28

scientific observation

Question 29

- effect size - significance - cost-benefit analysis - odds ratio - factor analysis - meta-analysis

Answer 29

statistical measures often used to analyze research results

Question 30

establishes casual relationships among variables

Answer 30

experiment

Question 31

- independent variable | - dependent variable

Answer 31

variables

Question 32

- experimental group | - comparison group

Answer 32

groups

Question 33

includes information collected from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire, or some other means

Answer 33

survey using scientific method

Question 34

- acquiring valid survey data is not easy - some people lie; some change their minds - survey answers are influenced by the wording and the sequence of the questions

Answer 34

challenges of using scientific method

Question 35

- cross sectional research - longitudinal research - cross sequential research

Answer 35

basic research designs

Question 36

most convenient, quickest and least expensive way to study developmental change over time; does not always indicate processes of development

Answer 36

cross-sectional research

Question 37

useful in studying development over many years; uncovers links that cross-sectional research does not; more time and resource intensive

Answer 37

longitudinal research

Question 38

allows disentanglement of age and historical context

Answer 38

cohort-sequential research

Question 39

- most important safeguard ensures no harm occurs | - participants must understand and agree to research procedures (informed consent)

Answer 39

protection of research participants

Question 40

methods and conclusions must promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness

Answer 40

integrity of scientific study

Question 41

the study of development is often divided into _ domains

Answer 41

three