Criminal Justice Flashcards
1
Q
Five main Components of corrections
A
Jail ( institutional) prisons ( institucional) intermediate sanctions ( community) Probation ( community) Parole ( community)
2
Q
A facility authorized to hold Pretoria’s detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours and less than a year
A
Jail
3
Q
Correctional systems in the US are composed of
A
Many subunits/ components
4
Q
Vary in size, organizational structure and goals
A
Subunits/ components
5
Q
Three main components of CJS
A
Law enforcement
Courts
Corrections
6
Q
Focus on arresting
A
Law enforcement
7
Q
Focus on sentencing
A
Courts
8
Q
Variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses
A
Corrections
9
Q
Scientific study of correctional practices
A
Penology
10
Q
Actions and practices of individuals and institutions designed to induce conformity with the norms and rules of society
A
Social control
11
Q
An agent of social control
A
CJS
12
Q
A component of the criminal justice system
A
Corrections
13
Q
An institution for the incarceration of people convicted of felony offenses; time of incarceration can range from one year to life
A
Prison
14
Q
Most visible component of the correctional system
A
Prison
15
Q
Any community-based programs that are somewhere between probation and incarceration
A
Intermediate sanctions
16
Q
Less severe than prison
More restrictive than standard probation
A
Intermediate sanctions
17
Q
Conditional sentence imposed by a judge in lieu of incarceration
A
Probation
18
Q
Offender lives in the community under supervision, and is required to meet certain condition
A
Probation
19
Q
Early release from prison; offender is permitted the opportunity of living in the community under supervision with restrictions/ conditions
A
Parole
20
Q
- Retribution ( traditional)
- Deterrence ( traditional)
- Incapacitation ( traditional)
- Rehabilitation ( traditional)
- Restoration ( contemporary)
A
Five goals of/ justification for punishment/corrections
21
Q
A non-instrumental justification for punishment proportional to the crime committed is just or deserved
A
Retribution
22
Q
Not intended to reduce/prevent
A
Non- instrumental
23
Q
An instrument justification for punishment based largely on the premise that effective punishment should serve to decrease crime by increasing the sensitivity to punishment and/or costs of crime
A
Deterrence
24
Q
Intended to prevent/ reduce crime
A
Instrumental
25
Penalties will deter former offenders
Specific deterrence
26
Punishment of offenders instills fear in the general public
General deterrence
27
An instrumental justification for punishment based largely on the assumption that punishment should serve to decrease crime rates by making it impossible for the offender to commit more crime
Incapacitation
28
Identification of career criminals at an early age, and the incarceration of these individuals for longer periods of time
Selective incapacitation
29
An instrumental strategy based largely on the assumption that crime will decrease if an offender is prepared for a society acceptable role upon completion of his/ her sentence
Rehabilitation
30
An instrumental justification for punishment that focuses on restoring the community to a state of trust, fairness, and interdependence; the goal is to repair the losses of the victim and/ or community
Restoration
31
Offender
Victim
Community
Three key individuals/components
32
Conservative philosophy
Liberal philosophy
Critical perspective
Three philosophies/ perspectives
33
Central to sentencing and punishment
Justice and fairness
34
Primary goals of justification for punishment
Retribution
Deterrence
Incapacitation
35
Primary goal of/justification for punishment
Rehabilitation
36
Descriptions of a wide range of topics without an organizing theme, theory, or perspective
Traditional texts
37
Describes punishment and correctional reforms/controls within a specific context, which gives rise to practices, which in turn present consequences
American penology
38
Utilizes explanation, not just description
American penology
39
Economic
March of progress
Social context
Three explanatory models used in American penology
40
Punishment cycles are as result of the upper class exploitation the lower class
Economic
41
Punishment/corrections evolves to higher standards as time passes
March of progress
42
Combination of economic and March of progress approach
Social context
43
1. public opinion of correctional policy and crime
2. Legislative decisions concerning law and changes to the law
3. Jail, prison, and community program overcrowding, as well as the understaffing and underfunding of programming
Issues that affect sentencing
44
Decide what is against the law( develop status) and distinguish the nuances of particular crimes ( manslaughter or homicide)
State legislatures and the U.S. Congress
45
Decide if the presumption of innocence of the defendant is sustained or whether the water has proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
Juries
46
Decide sentences depending on the jurisdiction and/ or offense
Judges and juries
47
```
Jail
Prison
Intermediate sanctions
Probation
Death penalty
```
Basic framework of options available to a judge
48
Sentencing is complex when
Multiple charges are involved
49
Public opinion
Legislative decisions
Jail and prison overcrowding
Issues that affect sentencing
50
- seriousness of the offenses
| - offender culpability
Sentencing considerations ( nature and extent of punishment)
51
- specific deterrence
- rehabilitation
- incapacitation/control
Public safety ( offender risk reduction and management)
52
Deterrence
Restitution and restoration ( public safety and general deterrence
53
Is important to the study of corrections because the process of sentencing guilty offenders affect prison populations and other agencies of correctional control
Sentencing
54
```
Jail
Prison
Intermediate sanctions
Probation
Death penalty
```
Basic framework of options available to a judge
55
Sentences for each carve are served at the same time
Concurrent sentence
56
Sentences for each charge are served in a sentence
Consecutive sentence
57
Offenders are sentenced to serve a range of time, and are released from prison when parole is granted
Indeterminate sentencing
58
Offenders are sentenced to serve a set number of years( minus gain- time/ good-time credit)
Determinate sentencing
59
Set vía legislative guidelines
Determinate sentences
60
Have been implemented more rapidly in the past 30 years
Mandatory sentencing policies
61
Mandatory minimums
| Three strikes and you are out
Examples of mandatory sentencing
62
- aids judges in the selection of a sentence
- aids in classification
- aids in planning conditions of probation
- provides data for research
Purpose of the PSI
63
- present and past offenses
- offender’s attitude
- family situation and neighborhood conditions
- employment history
- friendship networks and activities
- physical and mental health
The PSI should include
64
```
Jail
Prison
Intermediate sanctions
Probation
Death penalty
```
Sentencing choices
65
Refers to the length of a sentence
Severity
66
Refers to the likelihood of being caught and punished for the commission of a crime
Certainty
67
The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend
Recidivism
68
sentencing is complex when multiple charges are involved
true
69
judge must decide between concurrent or consecutive sentences
true
70
sentences for each charge are served at the same time
concurrent sentence
71
sentences for each charge are served in a sequence
consecutive sentence
72
offenders are sentenced to serve a range of time, and are released from prison when parole is granted
indeterminate sentencing
73
offenders are sentenced to serve a set of number of years (minus gain-time/good-time credit)
determinate sentencing
74
determinate sentences often set via legislative guidelines
true
75
mandatory sentencing policies have been implemented more rapidly in the past 30 years
true
76
- mandatory minimums
| - three-strikes and you are out
examples of mandatory sentencing
77
catholic church maintained its own system of laws and punishments (Benefit of the clergy) ex: fines
punishment in the middle ages
78
secular courts subjected offenders to brutal punishments
punishment in the middle ages
79
examples: pillory and ducking stool
| result was bodily mutilation/death
punishment in the middle ages
80
rise of the secular system; authority of government grew
punishment in the late middle ages
81
more criminal laws developed
punishment in the late middle ages
82
more procedures and practiced introduced
- juries
- classification of offenses
- goals(jails)
punishment in the late middle ages
83
use of fines deemed corrupt
punishment in the late middle ages
84
catholic church returned to brutal methods (cycle of punishment methods begins)
punishment in the late middle ages
85
early confinement was limited to dungeons and cages. no separation of offenders by sex and age
mercantilist England
86
as the number of iddle poor grew, the idea for the workhouse was born in England
mercantilist England
87
eventually, conditions deteriorated, labor performed was deemed not profitable, and the reform goals of institution were not realized
mercantilist england
88
members of the community were shamed
- pillory
- whipping
- mutilation
punishment in colonial america
89
banishment reserved for persons who were not members of the community
punishment in colonial america
90
some offenses punishable by fine
punishment in colonial america
91
many offenses punishable by death
punishment in colonial america
92
- punishment was to fit the crime
| - goal of punishment was prevention, NOT rehabilitation/reform of offender
punishment in the period of transition
93
deterrence was the key goal of punishment
punishment in the period of transition
94
growth of imprisonment
punishment in the period of transition
95
length of stay= the seriousness of one's offense
- newgate prison (1773)-CT
- john Howard, late 1700s
punishment in the period of transition
96
- first prison in U.S.
| - abandoned copper mine
punishment in the period of transition
97
social activism concerning prison reform in England
punishment in the period of transition
98
walnut street jail converted to a prison in the 1700s
punishment in the period of transition
99
southern U.S.= camps that resembled slave labor; inmates were leased out to contractors
punishment and reform in the 19th century
100
Northern U.S.= penitentiary develops
punishment and reform in the 19th century
101
large facility designed to create order necessary for offender REFORM
penitentiary
102
pennsylvania system
| auburn system
2 models of penitentiary
103
pennsylvania system was a
separate system
104
auburn system was a
congregate system or silent system
105
both had the goal of redemption of the offender through a well-ordered routine
pennyslvania system and auburn system
106
defined by Quaker practices of penance and silent contemplation
ex: bible reading was a key activity
pennyslvania system
107
solitary confinment with hard labor while confined in one's cell
pennyslvania system
108
inmates slept in small cells at night but worked silently in congregate, factory-like settings during the day
auburn system
109
did the policies (specifically, the penitentiary) developed and implemented match the ideas/goals of the time period？
punishment and reform in the 19th century
110
1. solitary confinement was not viewed as therapeutic
2. overcrowding (and thus, unsanitary conditions) quickly became a problem
3. corporal punishment continued to be practiced within the system
3 unintended consequences of punishment and reform in the 19th century
111
1. introduction of the indeterminate sentence
2. development and implementation of the reformatory
3. establishment of parole
4. establishment of probation
four key reforms during progress era correctional reform
112
prison facility designed to change criminal behavior via mechanisms based within criminological theory
reformatory
113
1st reformatory was built in elmira, NY
true
114
- housed first-time offenders between the ages of 16-30
- used innovative informational gathering procedures such as intake
- credits (i.e., marks) for good behavior
1st reformatory
115
- intensive classification to determine cause of offender's behavior
- vocational and educational programs
reformatory
| ideal:
116
- inmate classification system not used
- use of programming limited due to inadequate staff and resources
- corporal punishment used
reformatory
| reality:
117
1840- maconochie developed the "marks" system of early release in Australia ("marks" earned for labor)
progressive era correctional reforms
| parole:
118
advocate for supervision and employment assistance
1850s - Crofton, Ireland
119
judges felt too much power was given to parole boards
- too much disparity in sentences
- parole hearings were short; few guidelines followed
- too much reintegration emphasis placed on employment
progressive era correctional reforms
| parole:
120
1840s-1850s- augustus developed and refined the practice of probation in Boston
progressive era correctional reforms
| probation:
121
initial goal was to rehabilitate alcoholics
1840s-1850s- augustus the practice of probation in Boston
122
- intended as an alternative to imprisonment; often used as a supplement
- officers maintained unimaginably large caseloads
- presentence investigation reports (PSIs) not comprehensive
1840s-1850s- augustus the practice of probation in Boston
