psychology

Question 1

define health behaviour

Answer 1

any activity undertaken by an individual believing themselves to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting it at an asymptomatic stage

Question 2

3 levels of behavioural change interventions

Answer 2

population, community, individual

Question 3

role of education

Answer 3

information has important role and most effective for discrete behaviours; messages tailored to particular audience more effective; people need more than knowledge to change habitual, particularly addictive, lifestyle behaviours

Question 4

learning theory: 6 cues for behaviour

Answer 4

visual, auditory, olfactory, location, time, emotional

Question 5

4 behaviour modification techniques

Answer 5

stimulus control techniques, counter conditioning (identify high risk situations/cues and healthier responses), contingency management, naturally occurring reinforces (improved self-esteem as positive reinforcement, reduction in symptoms as negative reinforcement)

Question 6

3 limitations of reinforcement programmes

Answer 6

lack of generalisation (only affects behaviour regarding specific trait being rewarded), poor maintenance (rapid extinction of desired behaviour once reinforcer disappears), impractical and expensive

Question 7

what happens if information presented evokes high fear

Answer 7

people switch off, so less change in behaviour

Question 8

what is the expectancy-value principle

Answer 8

potential for a behaviour to occur in any specific situation is a function of the expectancy that the behaviour will lead to a particular outcome and the value of that outcome

Question 9

health beliefs model

Answer 9

perceived threat from cues to action, background variables and perceived susceptibility and seriousness (which is also influenced by background variables), contributes to likelihood of behavioural change, as well as perceived benefits vs perceived costs/barriers (which is also influenced by background variables)

Question 10

define outcome efficacy

Answer 10

individuals expectation that behaviour will lead to particular outcome

Question 11

define self efficacy

Answer 11

belief that one can execute behaviour required to produce outcome

Question 12

4 factors influencing self efficacy

Answer 12

mastery experience, social learning, verbal persuasion or encouragement, physiological arousal

Question 13

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 13

[beliefs about and evaluation of outcome -> attitude towards behaviour] and [beliefs about important others’ attitudes towards behaviour -> subjective norm] and [internal (e.g. self efficacy) and external (e.g. perceived costs and barriers) control factors -> perceived behavioural control] -> intention -> behaviour (also directly from perceived behavioural control)

Question 14

transtheoretical (stages of change) model

Answer 14

(pre-contemplation) -> circle: contemplation -> preparation -> action -> maintenance (possibly permanent exist) -> relapse -> contemplation…