psychology

Question 1

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 1

attitudes influence intentions; beliefs of others towards us help form our subjective ideas (subjective norm)

Question 2

what is cognitive dissonance

Answer 2

inconsistent thoughts e.g. doing something which is harmful

Question 3

3 resolvers of dissonance

Answer 3

change behaviour, acquire new information, reduce importance of cognitions

Question 4

what is framing

Answer 4

message emphasising benefits or losses of that behaviour

Question 5

when are loss-framed messages more effective

Answer 5

change behaviours aimed at detecting health problems or illness

Question 6

when are gain-framed messages more effective

Answer 6

change behaviours aimed at promoting prevention behaviours

Question 7

define social loafing

Answer 7

tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

Question 8

4 occasions when social loafing is more likely to occur

Answer 8

the person believes that individual performance is not being monitored; the task (goal) or the group has less value or meaning to the person; the person generally displays low motivation to strive for success; the person expects that other group members will display high effort

Question 9

4 situations when social loafing may disappear

Answer 9

individual performance is monitored; members highly value their group or the task goal; groups are smaller; members are of similar competence

Question 10

define conformity

Answer 10

compliance with others views, even if incorrect to individual

Question 11

factors affecting conformity

Answer 11

group size, presence of a dissenter, culture

Question 12

define bystander apathy

Answer 12

individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present; the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help

Question 13

example of bystander apathy experiment

Answer 13

Darley and Latane experiment

Question 14

2 methods of increasing helping behaviour

Answer 14

reducing restraints on helping, socialise altruism

Question 15

2 ways of reducing restraints on helping

Answer 15

reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility, enhance concern for self image

Question 16

4 ways to promote socialise atruism

Answer 16

teaching moral inclusion, modelling helping behaviour, attributing helpful behaviour to altruistic motives, education about barriers to helping

Question 17

what was the Milgram experiment, and what did it test

Answer 17

one learner and one teacher, told that experiment studied effect of punisment on learning and memory, testing obedience (gave “shocks” despite learner screaming)

Question 18

factors affecting obedience

Answer 18

remoteness of the victim, closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure, diffusion of responsibility: obedience increases when someone
else administers the shocks, not personal characteristics

Question 19

define groupthink

Answer 19

tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement

Question 20

define group polarisation

Answer 20

tendency of people to make

decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently

Question 21

when is groupthink more likely to occur

Answer 21

when the group is under high stress to reach a decision, insulated from outside input, has a directive leader, or has high cohesiveness

Question 22

3 leadership styles

Answer 22

autocratic, democratic, Laissez Faire

Question 23

advantages of autocratic leadership

Answer 23

enables quick decision
making, clear hierarchy of
responsibility

Question 24

disadvantages of autocratic leadership

Answer 24

can be demotivating, can lead to errors

Question 25

advantages of democratic leadership

Answer 25

can win cooperation
and motivate team, can improve quality of
decision making

Question 26

disadvantages of democratic leadership

Answer 26

rime consuming, can lead to

disagreements

Question 27

advantages of Laissez Faire leadership

Answer 27

allows autonomous
working, allows expertise to be
utilised

Question 28

disadvantages of Laissez Faire leadership

Answer 28

can lead to lack of
direction, lack of ultimate
responsibility holder