psychology Flashcards
learning theory: recall and distinguish between different learning theories, giving examples of types and schedules of reinforcement and applications to health behaviours
theory of planned behaviour
attitudes influence intentions; beliefs of others towards us help form our subjective ideas (subjective norm)
what is cognitive dissonance
inconsistent thoughts e.g. doing something which is harmful
3 resolvers of dissonance
change behaviour, acquire new information, reduce importance of cognitions
what is framing
message emphasising benefits or losses of that behaviour
when are loss-framed messages more effective
change behaviours aimed at detecting health problems or illness
when are gain-framed messages more effective
change behaviours aimed at promoting prevention behaviours
define social loafing
tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone
4 occasions when social loafing is more likely to occur
the person believes that individual performance is not being monitored; the task (goal) or the group has less value or meaning to the person; the person generally displays low motivation to strive for success; the person expects that other group members will display high effort
4 situations when social loafing may disappear
individual performance is monitored; members highly value their group or the task goal; groups are smaller; members are of similar competence
define conformity
compliance with others views, even if incorrect to individual
factors affecting conformity
group size, presence of a dissenter, culture
define bystander apathy
individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present; the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help
example of bystander apathy experiment
Darley and Latane experiment
2 methods of increasing helping behaviour
reducing restraints on helping, socialise altruism
2 ways of reducing restraints on helping
reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility, enhance concern for self image
4 ways to promote socialise atruism
teaching moral inclusion, modelling helping behaviour, attributing helpful behaviour to altruistic motives, education about barriers to helping
what was the Milgram experiment, and what did it test
one learner and one teacher, told that experiment studied effect of punisment on learning and memory, testing obedience (gave “shocks” despite learner screaming)
factors affecting obedience
remoteness of the victim, closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure, diffusion of responsibility: obedience increases when someone
else administers the shocks, not personal characteristics
define groupthink
tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement
define group polarisation
tendency of people to make
decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently
when is groupthink more likely to occur
when the group is under high stress to reach a decision, insulated from outside input, has a directive leader, or has high cohesiveness
3 leadership styles
autocratic, democratic, Laissez Faire
advantages of autocratic leadership
enables quick decision
making, clear hierarchy of
responsibility
disadvantages of autocratic leadership
can be demotivating, can lead to errors
advantages of democratic leadership
can win cooperation
and motivate team, can improve quality of
decision making
disadvantages of democratic leadership
rime consuming, can lead to
disagreements
advantages of Laissez Faire leadership
allows autonomous
working, allows expertise to be
utilised
disadvantages of Laissez Faire leadership
can lead to lack of
direction, lack of ultimate
responsibility holder
