Psychology

Question 1

What are the 3 levels of thinking?

Answer 1

• Automatic thoughts
• Underlying rules/assumptions
• core beliefs

Question 2

Arbitrary Interference (a type of maladaptive thinking) is what?

Answer 2

drawing conclusions on basis of insufficient/irrelevent info

Question 3

Absolutistic/Dichotomous thinking (a type of maladaptive thinking) is what?

Answer 3

splitting experience in one of 2 opposite categories

aka perfectionism

Question 4

What is the Fait Accompli maladaptive thought process?

Answer 4

What the hell effect e.g. eat one biscuit, fail diet so finish pack

Question 5

Explain the congnitive model

Answer 5

…What you think influences How you feel influences What you do…

Question 6

What are the goals of CBT?

Answer 6

• identify maladaptive beliefs
• remove them
• teach positive coping strategies

Question 7

What does ‘stress management’ aim to do?

Answer 7

• change external causes and individual response to stress
• provide long & short term solutions
• be preventative

Question 8

What does ‘motivational interviewing’ aim to do?

Answer 8

-encourage indiv.s to explore their conflicting attitudes to a behaviour –> cognitive dissonance

Question 9

What does ‘cognitive restructuring’ aim to do?

Answer 9

• teaches patient to question automatic thoughts/predictions that -> neg. emotions
• replace with more realistic/+ beliefs

Question 10

What are Behavioural Interventions based on?

Answer 10

• classical and operant conditioning learning principles

- assumes maladaptive behaviours can be unlearned

Question 11

What is the behavioural intervention, ‘modelling’?

Answer 11

• learning a behaviour by observing and imitating others

- for anxieties/phobias

Question 12

What is the key difference between Systematic Desensitisation and flooding?

Answer 12

• S.D. is gradual exposure in a maintained relaxed state

- Flooding is sudden/no escape until fear is overcome

Question 13

What are the 3 parts of Stress Inoculation Training?

Answer 13

• Conceptualisation - understand stress/response
• Skills acquisition/rehearsal
• Application/follow through

Question 14

What is the Bottom Up theory of Perception?

Answer 14

• physical characteristics of stimuli->specific perception

- brain presents whats there/doesn’t alter the input

Question 15

What is the Top Down theory of Perception?

Answer 15

-combo of sensory experience and psychological constructs (expectance, past experience..) so provides a context to sensations

Question 16

Name 4 ways perception is important in clinical consultations.

Answer 16

• attention needed for patients to perceive info accurately
• emotion e.g. depressed discount + outcomes
• expectations about illness can alter patients reaction
• motivation (patients will interpret info related to their needs)
• with elderly become less able to ignore irrelevant info

Question 17

What is it called when foveally presented changes are not detected conciously? Why is the change not relayed to make you aware? What can this lead to e.g. in addicts?

Answer 17

• Intentional bias due to attentional bias (limited resource) attention is focused on concern-related cues
• can develop to a subconcious motivational bias

Question 18

What is the pain theory nowadays?

Answer 18

-brain integrates sensory/emotional/cognitive inputs then generates output as a subjective experience of pain

Question 19

What is persistant pain? Give 2 examples of what can it effect

Answer 19

• pain persisting beyond healing/3-6months
• ages the brain, decreases grey matter
• rewires the brain via attention bias (central sensitisation of neuronal signalling that elicits pain)

Question 20

According to the Bio-Psycho-Social model of pain, give an example of treatment for pain targeting…

• bio:
• psycho:
• somatic

Answer 20

Bio-medications for sleep, pain, depression, anxiety
Psycho-CBT, counselling, ACT, mindfullness
Somatic-TENS, injection therapy, accupuncture, manipulation

Question 21

What is ACT therapy?

Answer 21

focus on observing and being aware of thoughts/sensations. Change persons relationship to pain and modulate the experience/more tolerance.