Psychology Flashcards

Question

In which hemisphere is language dominance for right-handed people

Answer 1

Left hemisphere dominance

Answer 2

18. 8% Show right-hemisphere dominance 19. 8% have bilateral language function

Answer 3

Broca's Area is important for speech **production** ## Footnote **Aphasia leads to:** Non-fluent speech Impaired repetition Poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences Intact comprehension

Answer 4

In the posterior temporo-parietal area this. ## Footnote **Fluent but meaningless speech Problems comprehending speech** Semantic paraphasia (substituting words with similar meanings) Phonemic paraphasia (substituting words with similar sounds) Neologisms (nonwords) Poor repetition Impairment in writing

Answer 5

Arcuate Fasciculus. Conduction aphasia. Understand but can't repeat

Answer 6

Disruption of executive function closely related to frontal lobe damage but many causes. Think Phineas Gage Inability to plan, self regulate, goal directed behaviour, attentional problems, disinhibition, reduced empathy, impulsiveness, difficulty coping with normal situations

Answer 7

The instinct that seeks proximity to an attachment figure i.e. Carer

Answer 8

Ainsworth's strange situation test. Tests how babies or young children respond to the temporary absence of their mothers.

Answer 9

Unique aspects of an individual's personality such as introversion/ extraversion

Answer 10

Socialisation is bidirectional therefore children socialise parents just as much as parents socialise children

Answer 11

1. **Secure attachment** Free exploration and happiness on mothers return 2. **Insecure attachment** Little exploration and little emotional response to the mothers return

Answer 12

1. **Avoidant insecure children** Little exploration and little emotional response to mother 2. **Resistant insecure(Ambivalent)** Little exploratio, great separation anxiety, and ambivalent response to the mothers return 3. **Disorganised insecure child** Little exploration and confused response to mother

Answer 13

1. **Sensorimotor stage (infants - 2years)** Sense understand the world primarily through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects 2. **Preoperational stage (2-7yrs)** World is represented symbolically through words mental images. No understanding of the _principle of conservation_. - ie. Basic properties remain the same even though their outward appearance may change _- Egocentrism_ - difficulty viewing the world from someone else's perspective 3. **Concrete operational stage(7-12years)** Children can perform basic mental operations concerning tangible objects and situations but still trouble with hypothetical abstract reasoning

Answer 14

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Answer 15

How people conceptualise their illness Identity - "I have a cold" Cause - "I was rundown" Consequence - "I can't go to work" Timeline - "I will be better in a few days" Curability - "if I rest my cold will go"

Answer 16

1. Distress/depression is not inevitable (consider post-traumatic growth) 2. Failure to experience distress is not indicative of pathology 3. "acceptance" might not be achieved. 4. "good" patients achieve acceptance vs "bad" patients stay angry

Answer 17

an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults. Currently in 4th edition WAIS - IV. The most commonly used IQ test

Answer 18

Intelligence Quotient = (mental age/chronological age) x 100 A score of 100 is average

Answer 19

- Crystallized intelligence: the ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems. Will commonly improve with age then stabilise - Fluid intelligence: the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution. Shows steady pattern of declining in aging

Answer 20

Empathising - able to infer thoughts or feelings of others and have an approproate reaction Systematising - Drive to analyse or construct any kind of system

Answer 21

1) Procedural information 2) Sensory informatino

Answer 22

Stress is a condition that results when the person / environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy between the demands of the situation and the coping resources available.

Answer 23

First sensory and procedural information are useful in different manners. Procedural information allows the patient to match events with expectations in a non-emotional manner. Sensory information maps a nonthreatening interpretation onto these expectations

Answer 24

Definition; efforts directed at changing the environment in some way or changing one's actions attitudes Examples; seeking health information, Learning procedures, changing behaviour

Answer 25

Definition; efforts designed to manage stress related emotional responses in order to maintain one's own morale and allow one to function Examples; meditation, Relaxation techniques, Distraction, Praying

Answer 26

* Distraction is most effective with small children * For ages 9+ matching coping strategy with the child as with adults is best * Age 7+ give info 5 to 7 days before, younger children benefit from info closer to the time Combined approach 1. Tell 2. Show 3. Do. Don't start procedure procedure until the child understands what will be done

Answer 27

**Group size -** increasing the conformity with group size up to 5 members(no further increased after that) **Presence of a dissenter** - one person disagreeing greatly reduces conformity **Culture** greater conformity in collectivist cultures

Answer 28

* Remoteness of the victim * Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure * Diffusion of responsibility; obedience increases when someone else does the dirty work/takes the blame * Not personal characteristics

Answer 29

* Person believes that individual performances not monitored * The task has less value to the person * The person displays low motivation to strive success * The person expects other members will display high effort Occurs more strongly in all-male groups Occurs more often in individualistic cultures

Answer 30

Tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they're in a group as opposed to decision made alone

Answer 31

More likely to occur when a group; * Is under high stress to reach a decision * Is insulated from outside input * Has a directive leader * has high cohesiveness *

Answer 32

Presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person's tendency to help - Due to social comparison or diffusion of responsibility

Answer 33

1. Notice the event 2. Decide if the event is really an emergency Social comparison: look to see how others are responding 3. Assuming responsibility to intervene Diffusion of responsibility: believing that someone else will help) 4. Self-efficacy in dealing with the situation 5. Decision to help (based on cost-benefit analysis e.g. danger

Answer 34

- Autocratic or authoritarian style - Participative or democratic style - Laissez-faire or "free rein" style

Answer 35

The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions, often leading to errors

Answer 36

The mistaken belief that past events will affect future events when dealing with independent events. - In clinical situations it could encompass a belief that is one patient in a clinic presents with a rare condition it would be impossible for the next patient to present with the very same condition

Answer 37

Subjective probability that a stimulus belongs to a particular class are based on how to her of that class it appears to be

Answer 38

Probabilities are estimated on the basis of how easily/vividly they can be called to mind - Individuals typically overestimate the frequency of occurrence of catastrophic, dramatic events (e.g. 80% believe accidents cause more deaths than strokes) - People tend to heavily weigh their judgements toward more recent information

Answer 39

1. Teach about cognitive error 2. Recognise that biases may be affecting judgement 3. Increase feedback 4. Generate alternative theories i.e. Always have a differential diagnosis 5. Understand statistics

Answer 40

* *Registration** - input from the senses * *Encoding -** processing and combining of received information * *Storage** - holding of the input in the memory system * *Retrieval** -is Recovering stored information from the memory system

Answer 41

- Manipulation attention - Suppression of irrelevant information - Coordination of multiple tasks

Answer 42

Visual and spatial info Mental maps

Answer 43

Auditory / verbal info Prevent decay by silently articulating the contents in a loop

Answer 44

* *Declarative (conscious)** - Episodic (biographical events) - Semantic (words, ideas, concepts) * *Implicit/non-declarative (unconscious)** - Procedural (skills) - Emotional conditioning (eg fear of spiders) - Priming effect (stereotypes) - Conditioned reflex (don't touch something hot)

Answer 45

1. Rote 2. Assimilation - Fitting new information into existing schema(s) 3. Mnemonic device 4. Move your body

Answer 46

P = Preview - the information to learn Q = Question - write down the questions that you want to be able to answer once finished R = Read - through information that best relates to questions you want to answer S = Summary - summarise the information by writing, diagrams, mnemonics, voice recording T = Test - try to answer the questions

Answer 47

When a person's behaviour does not correspond with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider.

Answer 48

* *Unintentional non-adherence** - Patient ability and resources - Practical patient barriers to adherence - Cognitive difficulties - Poor Comms

Answer 49

_Intentional non-adherence_ **\*- Patient beliefs about illness (cause timeline)\*** - COst of therapy - Worries about side effects of treatment - Perceived ecessity **- Perceived drug efficacy**

Answer 50

ANXIETY MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE MENTAL IMPAIRMENT

Answer 51

Amount of information Order Stressing importance Specificity Mode of presentation Follow-up

Answer 52

* Improved information provision * shared decision making -\> esp. in chronic conditions * Monitoring * planning and repeating * follow up * cognitive techniques * socail sipport * identify and modify beliefs

Answer 53

1. Diagnostic statements - 87% 2. Information regarding illness - 56% 3. Instructions - 44%

Answer 54

Stage 1: Alarm reaction - The shift to sympathetic dominance causes increased arousal Stage 2: Resistance - The endocrine system releases stress hormones to maintain increased arousal Stage 3: Exhaustion - The adrenal glands lose their ability to function normally

Answer 55

Events ↓ Stress ↙︎ ↘︎ Behavioural Physiological Changes Changes ↘︎ ↙︎ Disease

Answer 56

- Time urgency - Free-floating hostility - Hyper-aggressiveness - Focus on accomplishment - Competitive and goal-driven When compared to type B, type A individuals had a 31% increase in risk of CHD

Answer 57

treatment can be effective even if it contains no active ingredients

Answer 58

Treat phobias throgh exposure to the feared CS in the absence of the UCS. Sytematic desensitization

Answer 59

1. Identify the nature of the thoughts (they don't have to be true to affect emotions) 2. Learn the common biases 3. Treat the thoughs as guesses/hypothesis about the world Though -\> Behaviour -\> Emotion

Answer 60

- Psychoeducation - Relaxation techniques - Cognitive restructuring - Behavioural experiments - Graded exposure - Relapse prevention

Answer 61

- Depression - Social anxiety - PTSD - Generalised anxiety disorder - OCD - Bulimia - Panic disorder and specific phobia - Schizophrenia