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Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The science of behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

What is free association?

A

talking freely about whatever comes to mind

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3
Q

How did Freud draw out unconscious thoughts?

A

He used dreams, projections as well as let patients go down the road of free association enough to find unconscious thought

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4
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

The observing of behaviours in certain environments. Where psychoanalysis explains behaviours, behaviourism defines behaviours

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5
Q

What does Psychodynamic psychology focus on?

A

the idea that very early events in one’s life heavily shape the unconscious and how to interpret that in how people act in the present

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6
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

the phenominon when someone’s intuition is right, they will use it strongly to re-enforce their trust in their intuition. When it’s not right, they will either find an excuse for why or it will not matter. This causes people to be overconfident in their own intuition.

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7
Q

What is a case study?:

A

Taking an in depth psychological look at one certain situation

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8
Q

What is Naturalistic Observation?

A

Observing behaviour in a natural environment without any participation or manipulation of said environment. Very great for describing certain behaviour but not for explaining said behaviour.

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9
Q

Sampling Bias

A

Taking information samples from a group that would have a very clear bias with the information instead of random or equal sample

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10
Q

How could predicting behaviour be achieved?

A

looking at how a trait or behaviour is related to another, or how they correlate

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11
Q

What are correlations good for?

A

predicting the possibility of cause-and-effect relationships, but they cannot prove them

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12
Q

What do psychological experiments do?

A

allow investigators to isolate different effects by manipulating an independent variable, and keeping other variables constant

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13
Q

What happens to the experimental group?

A

The experimental group is the one being manipulated by the researchers to find certain behaviours

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14
Q

What happens to the control group?

A

The control group is going to be left to their own environment, so as to compare them to the experimental group

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15
Q

What is it called when neither the scientists or the experimentee’s know which group is which?

A

A double-blind procedure

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16
Q

What type of neurons are there?

A

Bipolar, Unipolar, Multipolar, Pyramidal Cell

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17
Q

What parts are in a neuron?

A

Dendrites, Cell Body, and the Axon

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18
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

They sense stimuli and send electrical impulses down the axon

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19
Q

What do the cell bodies do?

A

They support and nurture the entire neuron cell

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20
Q

What does the axon do?

A

It sends electrical impulses to other neurons/muscles/other

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21
Q

What is a Myelin Sheath:

A

sometimes a neuron will have fatty tissue that encases the axon called a Myelin Sheath. It speeds up electrical impulses and protects the neuron

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22
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

A chronic disease that damages the Myelin Sheath of nerve cells (as well as the spinal chord)

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23
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The part of the neuron where impulses are sent from that almost touch the neighboring dendrites. Formaing a SYNAPTIC GAP

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24
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

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25
Q

What are NEUROTRANSMITTERS?

A

Your brain’s chemical communication carried out between the neurons. Chemical’s they use include Norepinephrine, Glutomate, Gamma-aminobutyric-acid, serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine and others

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26
Q

What do EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS do?

A

rev neurons up to be more likely to send impulses to other neurons. They include NOREPINEPHRINE as well as GLUTOMATE and others

27
Q

What do INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS do?

A

they chill neurons out, decreasing the likelihood that the neuron will send a transmission. They include GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and SEROTONIN (which affects mood/hunger/sleep)

28
Q

Low amounts of serotonin are linked to

A

Depression

29
Q

What is ACETYLCHOLINE linked to?

A

muscle action, learning, memeory

30
Q

What is DOPAMINE linked to?

A

Movement, learning, attention, emotion

31
Q

What chemical do ALZHEIMER’s patients have less of?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE, the chemical that is usually in touch with muscle action, learning, and memory

32
Q

What chemical do Schizophrenic patients experience excessive amounts of?

A

DOPAMINE, a chemical that is in touch with movement, learning, attention and emotion

33
Q

What is the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream (hormones)

34
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messages that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

They affect mood, arrousal, metabalism, growth, so on so forth and are generally more long term and lingering that neurotransmitted chemicals

35
Q

What are the basic hormonal emotions?

A

attraction. appetite and aggression

36
Q

What are adrenal glands?

A

a part of your body that can control hormonal blood sugar and triggers fight or flight responses

37
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

a small gland in the brain that secretes growth hormones, oxytocin

38
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Usually related to feelings of trust

39
Q

different parts of he brain-

A

-control different aspects of behaviour

40
Q

What is the “OLD BRAIN”?

A

anchored by the brain stem, it is the most necessary but also the most simple part of the brain

41
Q

what does the “Old Brain”control?

A

heart beat, movement, touch, sight, hearing, tasting, arousal, autonomic functions and sleep

42
Q

What is Prosopragnosia?

A

a neurological disorder that impairs a persons ability to perceive or recognize faces

43
Q

What is sensation?

A

the bottom-up process by which our senses, like vision, hearing and smell, receive and relay outside information

“blatant, un-processed, un-valued stimuli”

44
Q

What is perception?

A

the top-bottom process by which out brains organise and interoperate sensation

“taking blatant, unprocessed stimuli and filing it into short term/long term memory or just ignored info but also linking stimuli with past memories, current needs, instant emotions, ect.”

45
Q

What are the two most sensitive parts of the homunculus?

A

The hands and the mouth

46
Q

what is synesthesia?

A

the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body

(two or more senses connected together strangely)

47
Q

perception is heavily influenced by our:

A
  • context
  • expectations
  • experience
  • moods
  • cultural norms
48
Q

What is a perceptual set?

A

The psychological factors that determine how you perceive your environment

49
Q

What is the figure-ground relationship?

A

The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from surroundings (the ground)

the figure: the object of attention or ‘spot light’ against the background: ignored but still accounted for stimuli which doesn’t ‘pop out’ like the others do

50
Q

We perceive the world trying to maintain continuity

what is continuity?:

A

our bias towards continuity is our preference to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

51
Q

We keep the world compatible with closure

what is closure:?

A

our tending to create closure is the tendacy to fill in gaps to create what would be perceived as a complete object/pattern

52
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

a neurological disorder that impairs a persons ability to perceive or recognize faces

53
Q

What is sensation?

A

the bottom-up process by which our senses, like vision, hearing and smell, receive and relay outside stimuli

“blatant, meaningless, recovered stimuli”

54
Q

what is perception?

A

the top-down way that our brains organize and interprate sensation as well as put it into contex

“Taking blatant stimuli and instantly connecting it with similar stimuli’s, memories, emotions, suvh and such”

55
Q

what is a loose definition of consciousness?

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

56
Q

What are certain states of consciousness?

A

wake, sleeping, dreaming, chemical influenced hallucination

57
Q

what is dual processed consciousness?

A

the principle that information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and non-conscious tracks

“multi-layered unconscious stimuli under a blatantly displayed attended layer of consciousness”

58
Q

What is selective attention?

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus or group of stimuli

  • helps us put dangerous/pleasurable/or other wise important stimuli as a priority
  • helps information not over ride but still be present
59
Q

What are Maslow’s five psychological assumptions?

A
  • That the whole person/psyche is motivated in a sense, not just one factor or sector
  • Motivation is complex, factored and littered with multiple different motives (need for sex could not only be run by genital needs but also for dominance, social connection, esteem ect.) it also may be unconscious motives
  • People are continually motivated, when one need is satisfied, a new need fills the vacuum
  • All people anywhere/everywhere are stimulated by the basic needs of food, safety, friendship
  • everybody has the same HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
60
Q

What is Maslow’s famous “HIERARCHY OF NEEDS”?

A

The Hierachy of needs assumes the theory that the lower on the hierarchy the more basic and prioritized the need is. So before any other needs could be apparent needs, the ones below it has to be satisfied

  1. Physiological (hunger, water, temperature) when this is not satisfied, no other motive is apparent
  2. Safety (physical security, protection, order, and freedom)
  3. Love and belonging (need for friendship, community, some aspects of sex)
  4. Esteem (need for self respect, confidence, community respect)
  5. Self-actualization (respect for truth, beauty, justice. Full motivation and potency for creation)
61
Q

What are Maslow’s three categories of needs

A
  • Aesthetic: not universally apparent. need for beauty, complexity, interest, and order
  • Cognitive: need to understand, to solve, to be curious. When cognitive needs are threatened, all other needs on the hierarchy are threatened as they become unattainable.
  • Neurotic: needs that only satisfy towards non-productive activity. Needs for hoarding, pathological relations, power and other unsatisfied basic needs
62
Q

Maslow: what is expressive and coping behavior

A

“expressive behavior” is reflexive, natural, and un-conjured by needs. It is simple body reflex and personality expressing which can equal to a slouch or an erect position, a detached and introverted sense or an involved extroverted sense.

“coping behavior” is conjured by environment and needs, following the Hierarchy of needs. Coping behavior always has a motive and a way to satisfy a need.

63
Q

Maslow: What is “The instinctoid nature of needs”?

A

Instinctiod needs are natural and refined needs that are solely human. They are persistent and reccuring and revolt in genuine emotion and pathology when thwarted.

the difference between this and being unable to brush your teeth one day because of changes to schedule. Is that this may cause frustration at the inconvenience, but it does not cause genuine core emotions to be evoked.

However, if someone has OCD or OCD-like associations with teeth-brushing and actual being-safety, then something like a lack of teeth brushing could directly trigger instinct of being-safety.

64
Q

Maslow: What are the B values?

A

truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness, spontaneity, uniqueness, perfection, completion, justice and order, simplicity, richness, effortlessness, humor, self-sufficiency

people who have reached fullness in esteem but not fullness in B values are existentially sick.

Math (10 decks)

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