Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are NERVOUS TISSUE’s made out of?
A
Neurons and Glial Cells
2
Q
what part of the NEURON senses stimuli?
A
dendrites
3
Q
what do NEURONS do?
A
they sense stimuli and transmit it to other neurons or muscles
4
Q
what do GLIAL CELLS do?
A
support and insulate neurons, keep structure to the neuron and the area around it
5
Q
what are the three types of MUSCLE TISSUE?
A
‘skeletal’
‘cardiac’
and ‘smooth’
6
Q
what do CARDIAC MUSCLES do?
A
exclusive to only the heart; the cardiac muscles involuntarily
push blood through the heart
7
Q
what do SKELETAL MUSCLES do?
A
- they support the bones
- posture the body
- contract and move skeleton
- keep skin attached
8
Q
what do SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE’s do?
A
- lines and supports blood vessels
- lines uterus, bladder, digestive’s, other such organs
- pushes pee and babies out
9
Q
What is EPITHELIAL TISSUE?
A
= the tissue that lines, wraps, separates, protects, and conjoins organs
=they also excrete substances
10
Q
what does it mean to be SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE?
A
allowing absorption, filtration, and excretion of substance’s (small intestines absorbing nutrients from food)
11
Q
what does it mean to be POLAR?
A
to have two distinct sides instead of duplicate faces
12
Q
what does it mean to be AVASCULAR?
A
un-associated with blood cells, instead they rely on the blood and nutrients from nearby connective tissue
13
Q
what is INVAGINATION?
A
the act of a tissue turning itself inside out or folding away as to become a cavity/pouch
14
Q
what is PROPER EPITHELIUM?
A
covers, lines outer and inner body. Protecting it, organizing it, separating organs as well as connecting them.
15
Q
what is EPIDERMIS?
A
it is the skin epithelial tissue with connective tissue
16
Q
what does the PROPER EPITHELIUM do to protect deeper organs?
A
it creates cavities that elastically fold to create pockets that hold the opposing force and push the organ/deeper tissue in defence away
17
Q
what does GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM do?
A
epithelium that forms glands and secretes hormones/substances
18
Q
what are ENDOCRINE GLANDS?
A
glandular epithelium that secretes hormones right into your blood stream/ cells
secretes to other parts of the inside of the body (inwards)
19
Q
what are EXOCRINE GLANDS?
A
glandular epithelium that secretes substances into the ducts that lead outside the body
(sweat/milk for one)
20
Q
What CELL SHAPES for EPITHELIUM TISSUE are there?
A
- squamous cells (flat, scaly cells)
- cuboidal cells (squarish, absorbent, secreting)
- columnar cells (tall thick column, cushiony,absorbent)
21
Q
COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS??
A
tall thick column cells cushion tissue stretched nucleus absorb nutrients produce secretions
(form stomach lining)
22
Q
-CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS?
A
roughly as tall as they are wide
absorb nutrients
produce secretion
23
Q
-SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS?
A
flat cells with flat nucleus, they have fast absorption and diffusion
absorption and transportation
easier to create and much less costly to lose
(form air sacks of lungs and blood vessels)
24
Q
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM?
A
One layer of same cells
25
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM?
multiple layers of cells stacked together like bricks
26
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM?
usually one layer of cells of different sizes/shapes
27
what is a simple squamous epithelium tissue?
a single layer of flat cells to form epithelium tissue
28
what is a stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue?
multiple layers of the same cuboid cells to form epithelium tissue
29
how do you find the name of a certain epithelial tissue?
describing the name of the epithelial tissue requires saying the
NUMBER OF LAYERS and then the SHAPE OF CELL
30
what are the two sides of a POLAR EPITHELIUM?
APICAL SIDE: faced outside the internal cavity
BASAL SIDE: tightly attached to “basement membrane” that hold the epithelium to the connective tissue
31
APICAL SIDE of an epithelial tissue?
faced outside the internal cavity
32
BASAL SIDE of an epithelial tissue?
tightly attached to “basement membrane” that hold the epithelium to the connective tissue
33
In what order of size do the things that make up the body go?
Cells make up Tissues
Tissues make up Organs
Organs make up Organ Systems
Organ Systems make up the BODY
34
What are TISSUES?
Tissues are the gathering of the same cells to make up living shapes
35
what are ORGANS?
Organs are the clusters of two or more Tissues to serve a perpose
36
What are ORGAN SYSTEMS?
A collection of organs working together to serve a couple of purposes
37
What is a BODY?
a creature/being sustaining HOMEOSTASIS with at least one organ system
38
what is HOMEOSTASIS?
Maintaining stable and internal bodily functions, un-hindered by the environment outside the body, is called: Homeostasis
(When homeostasis has irreversibly stopped: the body is, by definition, dead)
39
What planes are there?
- Sagittal plane
- Coronal Plane
- Transverse plane
40
what is the SAGITTAL PLANE?
assuming the body in question is standing straight and faced towards you:
the SAGITTAL PLANE splits the body in half- into left and right
41
What is the CORONAL PLANE?
assuming the body in question is standing straight and faced towards you:
the CORONAL PLANE splits the body in half- into back and front
42
what is the TRANSVERSE PLANE?
assuming the body in question is standing straight and faced towards you:
the TRANSVERSE PLANE splits the body in half- into an upper half and a lower half
43
the tissue that lines, wraps, separates, protects, and conjoins organs?
proper epithelium
44
Epithelial polar face that is faced outside the internal cavity
APICAL SIDE
45
Epithelial polar face that is supporting and tied into connected tissue
BASAL SIDE
46
epithelium tissue that is usually one layer of cells of different sizes/shapes?
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
47
epithelial tissue that has multiple layers of the same cells stacked like bricks
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
48
What type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is there?
- PROPER
- CARTILAGE
- BONE
- BLOOD
49
What do CONNECTIVE TISSUES do?
- bind and support
- protect
- insulate
- storing reserve fluid/energy
- transporting substance within the body
- movement
50
what is fat?
a type of proper connective tissue which provides insulation and fuel storage
51
all connective tissues have THREE factors in common:
- develop from MESENCHYME (loose embryonic tissue that can shift shapes/movement)
- different degrees of vasularity/blood flow
- mostly composed of non-living material/extracellular matrix
52
What is extracellular matrix composed of?
GROUND SUBSTANCE: unstructured material that fills spaces in-between cells as well as protecting cells from surroundings
CELLS: living part of the matrix, preform tasks and form tissue
53
What is GROUND SUBSTANCE?
- unstructured rubbery material
- fills spaces in-between cells
- protects cells
- made up of starch and protein and water
- as well as fibers to add more shape and structures
54
what type of FIBERS are there?:
- COLLAGEN FIBERS
- ELASTIC FIBERS
- RETICULAR FIBERS
55
What is COLLAGEN fibers?
strong and flexible, strand of protein
56
What are ELASTIC fibers?
form a branching frame work, stretch and coil like rubber bands
- skin
- lungs
- blood vessel walls
57
what are RETICULAR fibers?
short, finer collagen fibers. Form sponge-like networks.
58
IMMATURE cells?
stem cells in the process of replicating themselves secreting ground substance fibers
(always end in a 'blast' )
59
two types of Connective tissue cells:
IMMATURE
| MATURE
60
MATURE cells?
an IMMATURE cell transfers into MATURE cells
maintain the health but can transfer back into immature cells to repair
(always end in 'cyte')
61
What is a macrophage?
A cell that carries out a vast amount of the bodies immune functions inside of connective tissue
this cell eats bacteria, foreign materials and dead cells
62
What is a leukocyte?
-a white blood cell
this cell travels the circulatory system inside of connective tissues fighting off infections
63
what types of connective tissue proper?
comes in two forms:
- loose
- dense
64
what is loose connective proper tissue?
weaker connective tissue:
- fewer fibers
- more cells
- less collagen
- more ground substance
65
What types of loose proper connective tissue is there?
Areolar:
most common, connected with basement membrane
Adipose:
fat tissue, mostly cells, insulating against heat loss
Reticular:
Mostly reticular fibers instead of collagen or elastin, soft internal framework
66
What is AREOLAR loose connective tissue proper?
the most common loose connective tissue, usually associated with epithelial and basement membrane.
- random arrangement of fibers
- few collagen
- few fibroblast cells
67
What is APIDOSE loose connective tissue proper?
The tissue used for fat, with less ground substance and a lot more cells used to insulate against heat loss
- Store energy used for back up nutrience and power
- average person is 18% adipose tissue
68
What is RETICULAR loose connective tissue proper?
Used for soft frame work and developing blood cells. Has a lot more reticular fibers instead of elastin or collagen fibers
- internal framework of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
- What holds your blood in place for many of the organs
69
What is dense connective tissue proper?
denser, harder proper connective tissue
- full of fibroblast cells and collagen
- resistance to tension and impossible to chew through
70
What is dense REGULAR connective tissue proper?
The hard and tough elastic tissue used around muscles and bones and mainly "tendons"
- full of organized and sheeted fiber
- tight bundles of collagen
- smooth
- connect muscle to bone and bone to bone
71
What is dense IRREGULAR connective tissue proper?
Hard and tough elastic tissue with much less arranged and smooth fiber textures and organisations.
- Full of erratically arranged fiber and collagen with exerted tension in many different directions
- Leathery tissue underlying the skin
72
What is dense ELASTIC connective tissue proper?
Much less tense connective tissue used around joints needed to move easier with much more stretch and curve
- full of elastic fibers
- Used mainly around vertebrae
73
What types of dense connective tissue proper are there?
Regular: the tough smooth tissue in muscle tendons with lots of collagen and fiber
Irregular: Erratically textured and organized tissue in leather with lots of collagen and fiber
Elastic: Elastic dense and bendy tissue around spine full of elastic fibers
74
What is Cartilage?
Connective tissue with no blood or nerves that has little give for tension or compression
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibro
75
What is Hyaline Cartilage?
Common and glassy cartilage used for support. It connects rips to skin and holds the nose up.
- starchy/sticky ground substance
- transparent collagen fibers
76
What is Elastic Cartilage?
Similar to Hyaline but with much more elastic fibers and is easier to see. Connected to the ear, keeping it stretchy but still well attached.
77
What is Fibro Cartilage?
Shock absorbing tissue full of thick bundles of collagen fibers. Keeps in between knee joints and spine vertebrae
78
What is bone?
calcified connective tissue that is much harder and stiffer than most connective tissue
- spongy
- compact
79
What is SPONGY bone connective tissue?
Typically found in the heads of long bones/inner layer of flat bones. Strong but full of open holes in the bones, and used for storing and creating bone marrow
80
What is COMPACT bone connective tissue?
Dense with no visible space to store bone marrow. Forms the external layer of the bones and has calcium used to make more tissue
81
What is blood?
Connective tissue where the ground substance is very watery and is the blood plasma and protein fibers running through it.
- full of red blood cells (mostly erythrocytes)
- full of infection fighting white blood cells (leukocytes)
- Full of platelets (small fragments needed to form blood clotting so small cuts won't leak extreme amounts of blood
82
What does the the blood transport?
- cells
- nutrient
- hormones
- wastes
83
What does your skin do?
it's a large organ that
- protects body against infection/ temperature
- maintains bodily fluids
- traps vitamin D for personal use
