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Math > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are NERVOUS TISSUE’s made out of?

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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2
Q

what part of the NEURON senses stimuli?

A

dendrites

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3
Q

what do NEURONS do?

A

they sense stimuli and transmit it to other neurons or muscles

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4
Q

what do GLIAL CELLS do?

A

support and insulate neurons, keep structure to the neuron and the area around it

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5
Q

what are the three types of MUSCLE TISSUE?

A

‘skeletal’
‘cardiac’
and ‘smooth’

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6
Q

what do CARDIAC MUSCLES do?

A

exclusive to only the heart; the cardiac muscles involuntarily
push blood through the heart

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7
Q

what do SKELETAL MUSCLES do?

A
  • they support the bones
  • posture the body
  • contract and move skeleton
  • keep skin attached
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8
Q

what do SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE’s do?

A
  • lines and supports blood vessels
  • lines uterus, bladder, digestive’s, other such organs
  • pushes pee and babies out
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9
Q

What is EPITHELIAL TISSUE?

A

= the tissue that lines, wraps, separates, protects, and conjoins organs
=they also excrete substances

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10
Q

what does it mean to be SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE?

A

allowing absorption, filtration, and excretion of substance’s (small intestines absorbing nutrients from food)

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11
Q

what does it mean to be POLAR?

A

to have two distinct sides instead of duplicate faces

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12
Q

what does it mean to be AVASCULAR?

A

un-associated with blood cells, instead they rely on the blood and nutrients from nearby connective tissue

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13
Q

what is INVAGINATION?

A

the act of a tissue turning itself inside out or folding away as to become a cavity/pouch

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14
Q

what is PROPER EPITHELIUM?

A

covers, lines outer and inner body. Protecting it, organizing it, separating organs as well as connecting them.

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15
Q

what is EPIDERMIS?

A

it is the skin epithelial tissue with connective tissue

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16
Q

what does the PROPER EPITHELIUM do to protect deeper organs?

A

it creates cavities that elastically fold to create pockets that hold the opposing force and push the organ/deeper tissue in defence away

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17
Q

what does GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM do?

A

epithelium that forms glands and secretes hormones/substances

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18
Q

what are ENDOCRINE GLANDS?

A

glandular epithelium that secretes hormones right into your blood stream/ cells

secretes to other parts of the inside of the body (inwards)

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19
Q

what are EXOCRINE GLANDS?

A

glandular epithelium that secretes substances into the ducts that lead outside the body

(sweat/milk for one)

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20
Q

What CELL SHAPES for EPITHELIUM TISSUE are there?

A
  • squamous cells (flat, scaly cells)
  • cuboidal cells (squarish, absorbent, secreting)
  • columnar cells (tall thick column, cushiony,absorbent)
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21
Q

COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS??

A 
tall thick column cells
cushion tissue
stretched nucleus
absorb nutrients
produce secretions

(form stomach lining)

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22
Q

-CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS?

A

roughly as tall as they are wide
absorb nutrients
produce secretion

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23
Q

-SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS?

A

flat cells with flat nucleus, they have fast absorption and diffusion
absorption and transportation
easier to create and much less costly to lose

(form air sacks of lungs and blood vessels)

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24
Q

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM?

A

One layer of same cells

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25
Q

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM?

A

multiple layers of cells stacked together like bricks

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26
Q

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM?

A

usually one layer of cells of different sizes/shapes

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27
Q

what is a simple squamous epithelium tissue?

A

a single layer of flat cells to form epithelium tissue

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28
Q

what is a stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue?

A

multiple layers of the same cuboid cells to form epithelium tissue

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29
Q

how do you find the name of a certain epithelial tissue?

A

describing the name of the epithelial tissue requires saying the
NUMBER OF LAYERS and then the SHAPE OF CELL

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30
Q

what are the two sides of a POLAR EPITHELIUM?

A

APICAL SIDE: faced outside the internal cavity

BASAL SIDE: tightly attached to “basement membrane” that hold the epithelium to the connective tissue

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31
Q

APICAL SIDE of an epithelial tissue?

A

faced outside the internal cavity

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32
Q

BASAL SIDE of an epithelial tissue?

A

tightly attached to “basement membrane” that hold the epithelium to the connective tissue

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33
Q

In what order of size do the things that make up the body go?

A

Cells make up Tissues
Tissues make up Organs
Organs make up Organ Systems
Organ Systems make up the BODY

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34
Q

What are TISSUES?

A

Tissues are the gathering of the same cells to make up living shapes

35
Q

what are ORGANS?

A

Organs are the clusters of two or more Tissues to serve a perpose

36
Q

What are ORGAN SYSTEMS?

A

A collection of organs working together to serve a couple of purposes

37
Q

What is a BODY?

A

a creature/being sustaining HOMEOSTASIS with at least one organ system

38
Q

what is HOMEOSTASIS?

A

Maintaining stable and internal bodily functions, un-hindered by the environment outside the body, is called: Homeostasis

(When homeostasis has irreversibly stopped: the body is, by definition, dead)

39
Q

What planes are there?

A
  • Sagittal plane
  • Coronal Plane
  • Transverse plane
40
Q

what is the SAGITTAL PLANE?

A

assuming the body in question is standing straight and faced towards you:

the SAGITTAL PLANE splits the body in half- into left and right

41
Q

What is the CORONAL PLANE?

A

assuming the body in question is standing straight and faced towards you:

the CORONAL PLANE splits the body in half- into back and front

42
Q

what is the TRANSVERSE PLANE?

A

assuming the body in question is standing straight and faced towards you:

the TRANSVERSE PLANE splits the body in half- into an upper half and a lower half

43
Q

the tissue that lines, wraps, separates, protects, and conjoins organs?

A

proper epithelium

44
Q

Epithelial polar face that is faced outside the internal cavity

A

APICAL SIDE

45
Q

Epithelial polar face that is supporting and tied into connected tissue

A

BASAL SIDE

46
Q

epithelium tissue that is usually one layer of cells of different sizes/shapes?

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

47
Q

epithelial tissue that has multiple layers of the same cells stacked like bricks

A

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

48
Q

What type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is there?

A
  • PROPER
  • CARTILAGE
  • BONE
  • BLOOD
49
Q

What do CONNECTIVE TISSUES do?

A
  • bind and support
  • protect
  • insulate
  • storing reserve fluid/energy
  • transporting substance within the body
  • movement
50
Q

what is fat?

A

a type of proper connective tissue which provides insulation and fuel storage

51
Q

all connective tissues have THREE factors in common:

A
  • develop from MESENCHYME (loose embryonic tissue that can shift shapes/movement)
  • different degrees of vasularity/blood flow
  • mostly composed of non-living material/extracellular matrix
52
Q

What is extracellular matrix composed of?

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE: unstructured material that fills spaces in-between cells as well as protecting cells from surroundings

CELLS: living part of the matrix, preform tasks and form tissue

53
Q

What is GROUND SUBSTANCE?

A
  • unstructured rubbery material
  • fills spaces in-between cells
  • protects cells
  • made up of starch and protein and water
  • as well as fibers to add more shape and structures
54
Q

what type of FIBERS are there?:

A
  • COLLAGEN FIBERS
  • ELASTIC FIBERS
  • RETICULAR FIBERS
55
Q

What is COLLAGEN fibers?

A

strong and flexible, strand of protein

56
Q

What are ELASTIC fibers?

A

form a branching frame work, stretch and coil like rubber bands

  • skin
  • lungs
  • blood vessel walls
57
Q

what are RETICULAR fibers?

A

short, finer collagen fibers. Form sponge-like networks.

58
Q

IMMATURE cells?

A

stem cells in the process of replicating themselves secreting ground substance fibers

(always end in a ‘blast’ )

59
Q

two types of Connective tissue cells:

A

IMMATURE

MATURE

60
Q

MATURE cells?

A

an IMMATURE cell transfers into MATURE cells

maintain the health but can transfer back into immature cells to repair

(always end in ‘cyte’)

61
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

A cell that carries out a vast amount of the bodies immune functions inside of connective tissue

this cell eats bacteria, foreign materials and dead cells

62
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

-a white blood cell

this cell travels the circulatory system inside of connective tissues fighting off infections

63
Q

what types of connective tissue proper?

A

comes in two forms:

  • loose
  • dense
64
Q

what is loose connective proper tissue?

A

weaker connective tissue:

  • fewer fibers
  • more cells
  • less collagen
  • more ground substance
65
Q

What types of loose proper connective tissue is there?

A

Areolar:
most common, connected with basement membrane

Adipose:
fat tissue, mostly cells, insulating against heat loss

Reticular:
Mostly reticular fibers instead of collagen or elastin, soft internal framework

66
Q

What is AREOLAR loose connective tissue proper?

A

the most common loose connective tissue, usually associated with epithelial and basement membrane.

  • random arrangement of fibers
  • few collagen
  • few fibroblast cells
67
Q

What is APIDOSE loose connective tissue proper?

A

The tissue used for fat, with less ground substance and a lot more cells used to insulate against heat loss

  • Store energy used for back up nutrience and power
  • average person is 18% adipose tissue
68
Q

What is RETICULAR loose connective tissue proper?

A

Used for soft frame work and developing blood cells. Has a lot more reticular fibers instead of elastin or collagen fibers

  • internal framework of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
  • What holds your blood in place for many of the organs
69
Q

What is dense connective tissue proper?

A

denser, harder proper connective tissue

  • full of fibroblast cells and collagen
  • resistance to tension and impossible to chew through
70
Q

What is dense REGULAR connective tissue proper?

A

The hard and tough elastic tissue used around muscles and bones and mainly “tendons”

  • full of organized and sheeted fiber
  • tight bundles of collagen
  • smooth
  • connect muscle to bone and bone to bone
71
Q

What is dense IRREGULAR connective tissue proper?

A

Hard and tough elastic tissue with much less arranged and smooth fiber textures and organisations.

  • Full of erratically arranged fiber and collagen with exerted tension in many different directions
  • Leathery tissue underlying the skin
72
Q

What is dense ELASTIC connective tissue proper?

A

Much less tense connective tissue used around joints needed to move easier with much more stretch and curve

  • full of elastic fibers
  • Used mainly around vertebrae
73
Q

What types of dense connective tissue proper are there?

A

Regular: the tough smooth tissue in muscle tendons with lots of collagen and fiber

Irregular: Erratically textured and organized tissue in leather with lots of collagen and fiber

Elastic: Elastic dense and bendy tissue around spine full of elastic fibers

74
Q

What is Cartilage?

A

Connective tissue with no blood or nerves that has little give for tension or compression

  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibro
75
Q

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Common and glassy cartilage used for support. It connects rips to skin and holds the nose up.

  • starchy/sticky ground substance
  • transparent collagen fibers
76
Q

What is Elastic Cartilage?

A

Similar to Hyaline but with much more elastic fibers and is easier to see. Connected to the ear, keeping it stretchy but still well attached.

77
Q

What is Fibro Cartilage?

A

Shock absorbing tissue full of thick bundles of collagen fibers. Keeps in between knee joints and spine vertebrae

78
Q

What is bone?

A

calcified connective tissue that is much harder and stiffer than most connective tissue

  • spongy
  • compact
79
Q

What is SPONGY bone connective tissue?

A

Typically found in the heads of long bones/inner layer of flat bones. Strong but full of open holes in the bones, and used for storing and creating bone marrow

80
Q

What is COMPACT bone connective tissue?

A

Dense with no visible space to store bone marrow. Forms the external layer of the bones and has calcium used to make more tissue

81
Q

What is blood?

A

Connective tissue where the ground substance is very watery and is the blood plasma and protein fibers running through it.

  • full of red blood cells (mostly erythrocytes)
  • full of infection fighting white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Full of platelets (small fragments needed to form blood clotting so small cuts won’t leak extreme amounts of blood
82
Q

What does the the blood transport?

A
  • cells
  • nutrient
  • hormones
  • wastes
83
Q

What does your skin do?

A

it’s a large organ that

  • protects body against infection/ temperature
  • maintains bodily fluids
  • traps vitamin D for personal use

Math (10 decks)

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