Psychology

Question 1

Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 1

an approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings

Question 2

Schools of Thought

Answer 2

systematic and structured ways of approaching questions related to human behaviour that have different sets of underlying assumptions

Question 3

Brain

Answer 3

what is physically inside the skull

- its study consists of understanding the functions of its various structures

Question 4

Mind

Answer 4

mental processes

- its study is an attempt to understand the conscious and unconscious

Question 5

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 5

Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life

Question 6

Unconscious

Answer 6

information processing in our mind that we are not aware of; according to Freud, it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories; according to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all

Question 7

Conscious

Answer 7

information that we are always aware of; our conscious mind performs the thinking when we take in new information

Question 8

Ego

Answer 8

Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle

Question 9

Id

Answer 9

Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle

Question 10

Superego

Answer 10

Freud’s term for the moral centre of the mind

Question 11

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 11

the ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety

Question 12

Repression

Answer 12

a process in which unacceptable desires or impulses are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious

Question 13

Denial

Answer 13

a defense mechanism whereby a person refuses to recognize or acknowledge something that is painful

Question 14

Displacement

Answer 14

the shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation

Question 15

Free Association

Answer 15

a method use in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

Question 16

Projection

Answer 16

A defense mechanism whereby a person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else

Question 17

Neo-Freudian

Answer 17

psychologist who modified Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects

Question 18

Neurotic Disorder

Answer 18

a mental disorder involving anxiety and fear

Question 19

Collective Unconscious

Answer 19

the shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors

Question 20

Archetypes

Answer 20

universal symbols that tend to reappear over time; includes models of people, behaviours, and personalities

Question 21

Personality

Answer 21

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 22

Unconditioned Response

Answer 22

a natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 23

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 23

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 24

Conditioned Response

Answer 24

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 25

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 25

an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 26

Classical Conditioning

Answer 26

a type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus

Question 27

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 27

associating a new response with the feared stimulus

Question 28

Operant Conditioning

Answer 28

a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behaviour

Question 29

Operant

Answer 29

a response that has some effect on the world

Question 30

Reinforcer

Answer 30

a stimulus event that increases the probability that the response immediately preceding it will occur again

Question 31

Positive Reinforcer

Answer 31

stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response

Question 32

Negative Reinforcer

Answer 32

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 33

Reinforcement

Answer 33

the process through which a particular response is made more likely to occur

Question 34

Punishment

Answer 34

the process through which the frequency of an operant behaviour is reduced by presenting an unpleasant stimulus (positive punishment) or removing a pleasant one (negative punishment)

Question 35

Self-Actualization

Answer 35

reaching one’s full potential; occurs only after basic physical and psychological needs are met

Question 36

Logotherapy

Answer 36

a form of psychotherapy that tries to help the patient find the aim and meaning of his or her own life as a human being without accessing the medical aspect of mental health

Question 37

Client-Centred Therapy

Answer 37

a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role

Question 38

Psychology

Answer 38

the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

- goal is to explain, predict, modify, and ultimately improve the lives of people and the world in which they live

Question 39

Fixation

Answer 39

the continued focus on an earlier stage of psychosocial development due to an unresolved conflict at the oral, anal, or phallic stage

Question 40

Perception

Answer 40

process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations

Question 41

Principle of Closure

Answer 41

occurs when brain is given incomplete information and fills in the missing information

Question 42

Perceptual Constancy

Answer 42

• one function of the brain is to maintain this perceptual constancy
• recognizes an object as unchanged despite the change in viewing angle

Question 43

Perceptual Set

Answer 43

tendency to perceive some things instead of others

- influenced by your experiences and expectations