Psychology Flashcards
Who were Behaviorists?
Those who take part in the scientific study of observable behaviors.
What were the 4 BIG IDEAS at the start of Psychology?
1) Critical thinking
2) Biopsychosocial approach
3) Two track mind (conscious and unconscious)
4) Exploring human strengths
Who were important people at the beginning of Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt Sigmund Freud John Watson Abraham Maslow Pavlov
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
1879:
FIRST Psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
“Father of Modern Psychology”
Who was Sigmund Freud?
- Psychoanalysis*
- “free association”, “stereotypical psychology”
- analyzes whatever the person (usually a woman, at the time) said in order to understand them
*Psychoanalysis is still used today: Psychiatric Therapy
Who was John Watson?
SCIENTIFIC study of behavior
- Little Albert study
- Learned behavior through Classical Conditioning
Who was Abraham Maslow?
SCIENTIFIC studies!
Rather than behavior/observational studies
Who was Pavlov?
Experimentations involving dogs.
Classically Conditioned dogs to salivate when they heard a bell, even when they did not receive food.
What is the Scientific Method?
1) Theory
2) Hypothesis
3) Test
4) Record
5) Analyze/Conclusion
6) REPLICATE (an experiment must be able to be replicated with the same results otherwise it is invalid)
What is most important in a Psychological experiment?
Eliminate Bias
Bias can skew results by assuming an association that may not necessarily exist, for example.
What are the different types of Tests one can use for Psychological studies?
1) Surveys (downside: lies)
2) Lab (focuses, random)
3) Case Studies (study one person)
4) Naturalistic Observation (observe in NATURAL setting)
What are the Three Categories of Tests in Psychology?
1) Descriptive (surveys, case studies, observations)
2) Correlational (if two factors relate, ex. Brain size and intelligence.. Statistics)
3) Experimental
What is the Correlational Coefficient in Psych studies?
- Statistics
- Positive or negative correlation between two factors
- Positive: Direct relationship (smaller brain = less intelligence)
- Negative: Inverse relationship (smaller brain = more intelligence)
What is the Operational Definition in Psych studies?
Your method of measuring..
Ex) Myer Briggs Test, “Cilli Scale”
Just HOW are you studying this?
What are Illusory Correlations?
We IMAGINE a correlation between two factors we are studying.. Purely coincidence.
Ex) think about someone calling you, and they call you
You make up the relationship
You convince yourself of it
Who is William James?
“Father of American Psychology”
First educator to offer a Psychology course in the United States
Wrote the first comprehensive psychology text book
What is Introspection?
The examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.
Psychology Specifically: relies exclusively on the inspection of one’s mental state
Wundt: first to adopt introspection into experimental psychology
Who was Skinner and how did he relate to Behaviorism?
Skinner’s box experiment:
- Placed a rat in a box with a lever.
- Rewarded the rat with food when it pressed the lever.
Operant Conditioning
Positively Reinforced the rat’s behavior of pressing the lever
What is the Psychodynamic Approach?
Founded by Sigmund Freud
***The relationship between conscious and unconscious thought: what is making a person think/feel a certain way
What is the Cognitive perspective of Psychology?
Psychology regarding mind and mental function.
Such as learning, memory, attention, decision making, etc.
We believe cognition has a role in learning/behavior, conditioning is not the only factor involved.
What is Humanistic Psychology?
The study of the whole person.
Ex) Behaviorists look at behavior through the eyes of the observer but ALSO through the eyes of the one doing the behaving.
What is Behavioral Psychology?
Focuses on an individual’s behavior
Conditioning, Operant/Classical, Observant
Ex) Watson, Skinner
What is Neuroscience?
Scientific study of the nervous system
Needed for Sensation and Perception
What is Socio-Culture?
Combining social and cultural factors and how they affect one’s behavior.
Ex) Observational Learning
Modeling
