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Midterms > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Who were Behaviorists?

A

Those who take part in the scientific study of observable behaviors.

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2
Q

What were the 4 BIG IDEAS at the start of Psychology?

A

1) Critical thinking
2) Biopsychosocial approach
3) Two track mind (conscious and unconscious)
4) Exploring human strengths

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3
Q

Who were important people at the beginning of Psychology?

A 
Wilhelm Wundt
Sigmund Freud 
John Watson
Abraham Maslow 
Pavlov
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4
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

1879:
FIRST Psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
“Father of Modern Psychology”

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5
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud?

A
  • Psychoanalysis*
  • “free association”, “stereotypical psychology”
  • analyzes whatever the person (usually a woman, at the time) said in order to understand them

*Psychoanalysis is still used today: Psychiatric Therapy

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6
Q

Who was John Watson?

A

SCIENTIFIC study of behavior

  • Little Albert study
  • Learned behavior through Classical Conditioning
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7
Q

Who was Abraham Maslow?

A

SCIENTIFIC studies!

Rather than behavior/observational studies

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8
Q

Who was Pavlov?

A

Experimentations involving dogs.

Classically Conditioned dogs to salivate when they heard a bell, even when they did not receive food.

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9
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

1) Theory
2) Hypothesis
3) Test
4) Record
5) Analyze/Conclusion
6) REPLICATE (an experiment must be able to be replicated with the same results otherwise it is invalid)

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10
Q

What is most important in a Psychological experiment?

A

Eliminate Bias

Bias can skew results by assuming an association that may not necessarily exist, for example.

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11
Q

What are the different types of Tests one can use for Psychological studies?

A

1) Surveys (downside: lies)
2) Lab (focuses, random)
3) Case Studies (study one person)
4) Naturalistic Observation (observe in NATURAL setting)

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12
Q

What are the Three Categories of Tests in Psychology?

A

1) Descriptive (surveys, case studies, observations)
2) Correlational (if two factors relate, ex. Brain size and intelligence.. Statistics)
3) Experimental

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13
Q

What is the Correlational Coefficient in Psych studies?

A
  • Statistics
  • Positive or negative correlation between two factors
  • Positive: Direct relationship (smaller brain = less intelligence)
  • Negative: Inverse relationship (smaller brain = more intelligence)
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14
Q

What is the Operational Definition in Psych studies?

A

Your method of measuring..
Ex) Myer Briggs Test, “Cilli Scale”

Just HOW are you studying this?

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15
Q

What are Illusory Correlations?

A

We IMAGINE a correlation between two factors we are studying.. Purely coincidence.

Ex) think about someone calling you, and they call you
You make up the relationship
You convince yourself of it

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16
Q

Who is William James?

A

“Father of American Psychology”
First educator to offer a Psychology course in the United States

Wrote the first comprehensive psychology text book

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17
Q

What is Introspection?

A

The examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.
Psychology Specifically: relies exclusively on the inspection of one’s mental state

Wundt: first to adopt introspection into experimental psychology

18
Q

Who was Skinner and how did he relate to Behaviorism?

A

Skinner’s box experiment:

  • Placed a rat in a box with a lever.
  • Rewarded the rat with food when it pressed the lever.

Operant Conditioning
Positively Reinforced the rat’s behavior of pressing the lever

19
Q

What is the Psychodynamic Approach?

A

Founded by Sigmund Freud

***The relationship between conscious and unconscious thought: what is making a person think/feel a certain way

20
Q

What is the Cognitive perspective of Psychology?

A

Psychology regarding mind and mental function.

Such as learning, memory, attention, decision making, etc.
We believe cognition has a role in learning/behavior, conditioning is not the only factor involved.

21
Q

What is Humanistic Psychology?

A

The study of the whole person.
Ex) Behaviorists look at behavior through the eyes of the observer but ALSO through the eyes of the one doing the behaving.

22
Q

What is Behavioral Psychology?

A

Focuses on an individual’s behavior

Conditioning, Operant/Classical, Observant
Ex) Watson, Skinner

23
Q

What is Neuroscience?

A

Scientific study of the nervous system

Needed for Sensation and Perception

24
Q

What is Socio-Culture?

A

Combining social and cultural factors and how they affect one’s behavior.

Ex) Observational Learning
Modeling

25
Q

What is Behavioral-Genetics?

A

The study of the inheritance of certain behavioral traits

Ex) temperance

26
Q

What is Evolutionary Psychology?

A

Explaining certain mental and psychological traits as evolutionary adaptations that we acquired over time.

Ex) Memory, Perception, Language
Natural Selection brings those with these traits forward.

27
Q

What can you do to help Eliminate Bias in an Experiment?

A

Randomly assign groups
Experimental Group: test something on them
Control Group: base comparison for changes in Experimental Group

Double-Blind Study: testers don’t know which group is which.. Less misinterpretation

Placebo: fake version of the real thing
Hold Experimental group against the Placebo to gauge effectiveness

28
Q

What is the difference between Independent Variable and Dependent Variable?

A

Independent Variable: what you change

Dependent Variable: effect of the IV, depends on the IV

29
Q

What is Ethics? What are some examples of experiments that violate ethics?

A

Deals with morals, values, right and wrong.

Ex) Little Albert, Johnson’s Monster Study/Speech Therapy, Milgram’s Obediance and Authority Study, Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment, David Reimer

30
Q

When does Psychology begin, and with what?

A

Late 1800s: first psychologists were Behaviorists

31
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells specialized for communication of electrical and chemical impulses

Compose the Nervous System

32
Q

What receive the signals in a neuron?

A

Dendrites

33
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Space that occurs at the junctions where dendrites and axon terminals ALMOST touch

Synaptic gap

34
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory: accepts messages from your senses
Motor: sends messages to your muscles.. Moves you
Inter-neurons: communicate between sensory and motor (ex. Touch something hot, quickly move away)

35
Q

What are action potentials? What makes these faster?

A

The electrical signals that neurons transmit

Myelin sheaths change the rate of transmission

36
Q

What are some important neurotransmitters?

A

Endorphins: linked to pain control and pleasure (“morphine within”)
Serotonin: affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Dopamine: influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Acetylcholine: enables muscle action, learning, and memory
Norepinephrine: helps control alertness and arousal
GABA: major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate: major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

37
Q

How can drugs affect neurotransmitters?

A

Drugs can result in a change in neurotransmitter release with addiction

38
Q

What does the Central Nervous System contain?

A

Brain and spinal cord

39
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

Collection of glands that produce hormones and regulate metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

40
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Controlled by the hypothalamus

Releases hormones and sends messages to other endocrine glands to release their hormones

41
Q

What is the feedback system?

A

Brain - pituitary gland - other glands - hormones - body and brain

Shows communication between Nervous and Endocrine System

42
Q

What are the older brain structures?

A

Brain stem, pons, medulla

Midterms (4 decks)

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