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Midterms > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Compromise of 1850?

A

Political agreement that allowed California to enter the union as a free state. (Pre-Civil War)

Allowed popular sovereignty in the territories and enacted a stricter fugitive slave law.

Proposed by Henry Clay.

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2
Q

Who was Dred Scott?

A

Sued for his freedom.

Claimed he had remained enslaved in a free state (Illinois/Wisconsin Territory)

Court ruled against him: stated that slaves were property, not citizens, and could not sue in court.

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3
Q

Who was John Brown?

A

An abolitionist who believe that violence was the best way to reach his goal (ending the evil of slavery.)

Attempted to lead an armed assault on slavery; failed. Few blacks or whites were willing to follow a fanatical white man.

Only increased the divide between North and South.

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4
Q

What was Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

A

Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Encouraged people to think of slaves as people, not possessions, by showing Tom, a slave’s, feelings while being sold.

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5
Q

What were some causes of the Civil War?

A

Anti vs Pro-slavery

Disputes over states entering the Union as free or slave states.

South’s succession/attempt to succeed from the Union.

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6
Q

What were the differences between the North and South in Pre-Civil War America?

A

North: diverse peoples, anti-slavery, for the Wilmot Proviso
South: agricultural, pro-slavery

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7
Q

What was the Battle of Gettysburg?

A

Civil War battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Union had to stop the confederates from invading the north.
Robert E. Lee led the confederate side.
George Pickett attempted to lead men towards victory as well.

Bloodiest battle ever fought on US soil.
Turning point of the Civil War: UNION VICTORY

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8
Q

What was the Battle of Fort Sumter?

A

Confederates fired on Fort Sumter after being suspicious of Lincoln’s motives and the North’s refusal to surrender the fort.

Both sides sent armed volunteers and prepared themselves to fight.

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9
Q

What was the Battle of Antietam?

A

SINGLE bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
More than 23,000 soldiers died.

Confederate: Robert E. Lee
Union: George B. McClellan

Union troops attacked Confederate General Robert E. Lee before he was able to surprise the Union.

UNION VICTORY: led to the Emancipation Proclamation

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10
Q

What was the Battle of Shiloh?

A

In Tennessee
25,000 killed or wounded

Horrified both the North and South: damaged Grant’s reputation

Ulysses S. Grant led the Union troops, hired by Lincoln
ANACONDA PLAN: pursued the Mississippi valley wing of the plan

Drove Confederate forces from certain areas beforehand

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11
Q

What was the a First Battle of Bull Run?

A

UNION DEFEAT
Confederate: Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee
Union: George B. McClellan (new commander appointed by Jackson)

Union troops fought in Richmond but were beaten back by Lee

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12
Q

What was the Second Battle of Bull Run?

A

UNION DEFEAT
Lincoln hired a new commander and replaced McClellan after the First Battle of Bull Run.

Energized Lee
Placed McClellan back in command

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13
Q

What was the Siege of Vicksburg?

A

UNION VICTORY
Union: Ulysses S. Grant

ANACONDA PLAN: The Union needed to gain Vicksburg in order to win the war
Gain control of the river
Cut the south in half

Successfully gained Vicksburg and the last Southern stronghold surrendered:
The Union successfully SPLIT THE SOUTH IN TWO

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14
Q

What was Habeus Corpus?

A

No one can be arrested/imprisoned without proper charges/proof.

Lincoln suspended this due to the war

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15
Q

Who was George Pickett?

A

General.
Led a Division under Lee in the Battle of Gettysburg toward Union Troops and failed

Unions crushed them.

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16
Q

Who was William Tecumseh Sherman?

A

“March to the Sea”

Union General who went to capture the port of Savannah, Georgia.

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17
Q

Who was George B. McClellan?

A

Union General.
Led Union troops at:
First Battle of Bull Run
Antietam

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18
Q

Who was Ulysses S. Grant?

A

Union General
Led Union troops at:
Siege of Vicksburg
Shiloh

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19
Q

Who was David Farragut?

A

Led a fleet through the Gulf of Mexico and seized the vital Southern Port of New Orleans.

Contributed to their goal of controlling the Mississippi.
(Vicksburg would complete this)

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20
Q

What were the differences in the Northern and Southern strategies during the Civil War?

A

North: Anaconda Plan (split the south in half)
Blockade southern ports

South: fight the Union in their own southern lands

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21
Q

What were the different advantages of the North and South during the Civil War?

A 
North: 
Factory production
Railroad miles
Established Navy
Representative, Functioning government 
Recognition from European Nations

South:
Determined; fighting to preserve their way of life
Strong military tradition; inspiring leaders ex) Robert E. Lee
Fighting a defensive war on familiar ground

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22
Q

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

A

Decree by President Lincoln that freed all enslaved people living in the Confederate States still in rebellion.
Encourage states to stop rebelling.

After the Battle of Gettysburg

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23
Q

What did the Thirteenth Amendment do?

A

Outlawed slavery after the Civil War

24
Q

What did the Fourteenth Amendment do?

A

Defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equality under the law

Issued during Reconstruction after the Civil War

25
Q

What did the Fifteenth Amendment do?

A

Guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Issued during Reconstruction after the Civil War

26
Q

What happened with Lincoln’s Assassination?

A

Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while in a theater

April 14, 1865
Days after Lee’s surrender

Andrew Johnson became president

27
Q

What were the differing views on Reconstruction?

A

Dealt with Southern states and their (attempt/success) at succession from the Union

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan:
-10 Percent of states’ voters needed to take a loyalty oath
-A state’s new constitution must have abolished slavery
(Vetoed by Congress)

Wade-Davis Bill:
-Required a majority of state’s prewar voters to swear loyalty to the Union
-required guarantees of African American equality
(Passed by congress/pocket vetoed by Lincoln)

28
Q

What were the segregation issues during Reconstruction?

A

Separate schools for blacks and whites

Expensive: paid for two school instead of just one per district

29
Q

Who were Scalawags?

A

White Southern Men during Reconstruction who had been locked out of prewar politics by the wealthy; attracted to Republicans

30
Q

Who were Carpetbaggers?

A

White and Black northerners during Reconstruction who moved to the South to take advantage of the many postwar opportunities there.

31
Q

Why was Johnson Impeached?

A

He had continued to veto and work against congressional legislation
Failed by one senate vote to impeach him

Favored Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
Congress favored the Wade-Davis Bill

32
Q

When did Ulysses S. Grant become President? What was his Presidency like?

A

During Reconstruction in 1868
Wins again in 1872

Grant was popular, but his cabinet was full of scandal and corruption

33
Q

Who were Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner?

A

Radical Republicans in Congress/Senate
Charles Sumner gave a speech on Bleeding Kansas
Both insisted that the South had committed crimes by enslaving African Americans and entangling the nation in war

Led to Congress passing the Wade-Davis Bill rather than Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

34
Q

What was the Military Reconstruction Act?

A

Divided the former Confederacy into military districts where Union soldiers had control

35
Q

What was the Compromise of 1877?

A

Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) vs Rutherford B. Hayes (republican)

Disputes occurred between states over which candidate had won; some states disputed vote results.
Republicans claimed the votes had been miscounted

Resolved the presidential election of 1876 by giving Rutherford B. Hayes the Presidency.
In return, remaining federal troops had to withdraw from the South

36
Q

What were reasons for Immigration?

A

Push Factors:

  • Farmers had a hard time in other countries
  • Political refugees and economic disruption due to wars in other countries
  • Religious persecution

Pull Factors:

  • Opportunity
  • Plentiful land
  • Employment
37
Q

What new technologies made the growth of cities possible during Immigration?

A

Skyscrapers saved space
Elevators made skyscrapers possible
Mass transit/public transportation
Electricity powered public transport

38
Q

What were City Grids?

A

Prevalent during Urbanization/the growth of cities;

Made cities easier to navigate and plan

39
Q

What does it mean to be “Gilded”?

A

A golden, rich surface
The inside is rotting

Metaphor for the Gilded Age, where there was much extravagance but underneath were many problems

40
Q

Who was Rockefeller?

A

Oil Tycoon during the Gilded Age:

Horizontal integration: bought out all other oil companies
Had a Monopoly on the oil industry
Vertical Integration: also bought out other companies involved in the phases of creating the product

41
Q

Who was Vanderbilt?

A

Successful in the railroad industry
Started in the steamboat industry: successfully managed to get his competitors to pay him to relocate since his low fares were driving them out of business.

An example of “Competitive Edge” in the Gilded Age and finding new ways to make money

42
Q

Who was Carnegie?

A

Steel Tycoon during the Gilded Age

Vertical Integration: bought out other companies that contributed to the process of the product
Reduced cost, charged higher prices to competitors

43
Q

What is a Muckraker?

A

Dubbed by Teddy Roosevelt who found them “too fascinated with the ugly side of things”

Exposed the harsh conditions of the cities as well as uncovered social problems.

Showed the problems of America during the Gilded Age

44
Q

Who was Jacob Riis?

A

A muckraker during the Gilded Age

Exposed the poor conditions in the cities using photography.

45
Q

Who was Booker T. Washington?

A

Part of the African American reforms during Progressivism after the Gilded Age.

Believed that African Americans should earn their equality and move slowly toward it; earn the whites’ respect

46
Q

Who was W. E. B. Dubois?

A

Part of the African American reforms during Progressivism after the Gilded Age.

Disagreed with Booker T. Washington
Thought that African Americans should demand their rights given by the Constitution.

Niagara Movement: a group that denounced gradual progress

47
Q

How did the role of the Federal Government change during the Progressive Era?

A

Teddy Roosevelt became president..
Shaped the modern presidency.

The President became more involved, more powerful
Suddenly the Federal Government was also more involved

48
Q

Who was Theodore Roosevelt?

A

Became president in 1901 and established the Federal Government’s role in the U.S

Square Deal: kept the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
Got congress to pass the Hepburn Act: gave the ICC strong enforcement powers

49
Q

What was the Sherman Antitrust Act?

A

Issues during the Progressive Era

Outlawed monopolies and practices that restrained trade, such as price fixing

50
Q

What was the ICC?

A

Interstate Commerce Commission in the Progressive Era

Oversaw rail shipments that passed through more than one state

51
Q

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A

Policy during the times of Nationalism and Sectionalism

Mainly: America would not be involved in European affairs and Europe had no place in American affairs

Responded to threats by European powers, such as France, to help Spain recover Latin American colonies that had declared their independence.

Monroe wanted to protect those Republics

52
Q

What did the Roosevelt Corollary do?

A

Updated the Monroe Doctrine for “an age of economic imperialism”

Stated that if there were any issues in Latin America, instead of Europe issuing military intervention, America would assume the role of police power and restore order

Kept Europe uninvolved in American/Latin American affairs

53
Q

Who was Matthew Perry?

A

Contributed to America’s growing world power.

Sailed a fleet of American warships into a Japanese port and started trade with Japan

54
Q

What was the Panama Canal?

A

Built by America after having bought the plans from France.

Connected the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and made shipping from East to West much faster and more efficient

Had to earn Panama’s independence from Colombia beforehand in order to continue construction.

Malaria.

55
Q

What was the Spanish-American war?

A

War fought by America and Spain over Cuba’s independent cause from Spain.

Tipping point: USS Maine explosion
Thought to be a mine from Spain

José Martí led the Cuban rebellion

56
Q

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A

A Chinese group against the United a States’ involvement with China.

Response to the Open Door (Free Trade) Policy

57
Q

What were Spheres of Influence?

A

China had been split into areas where different countries had different accesses to ports and trade.

Ex) France, Britain, Germany

Midterms (4 decks)

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