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Psychology 470 > Psychology 470 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Psychology 470 Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Focused on humanity’s potential, not their problems

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2
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self-actualization
Esteem needs
Belongingness needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs

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3
Q

Maslow: D Needs

A

Deficit needs (important lower level needs that take priority over other things)

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4
Q

Maslow: B Needs

A

Secondary motivation to do extra things (above D Needs)

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5
Q

Maslow: Metamotivation

A

“B motivation”, motivated to reach max potential

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6
Q

Maslow: Metaneeds

A

States of growth/being that move towards actualization

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7
Q

Maslow: Metapathology

A

Occurs when metaneeds are not met, stops full personality development

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8
Q

Maslow: Jonah Complex

A

Fear that you will be unable to cope when you reach your full potential

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9
Q

Maslow: Self-Determination Theory

A

Intrinsic motivation pushes us towards improvement

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10
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Designed person-centered therapy and defined positive regard

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11
Q

Rogers: Actualization Tendency

A

Basic human motivation to improve the self, which involves struggle

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12
Q

Rogers: Organismic Valuing Process

A

Judging experiences as good/bad towards growth (and changing behavior based on that)

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13
Q

Rogers: Positive Regard

A

A universal need for acceptance, love, and approval from others

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14
Q

Rogers: Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Acceptance granted freely, regardless of behavior

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15
Q

Rogers: Conditional Positive Regard

A

You are only loved and appreciated when your do certain things or avoid certain things

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16
Q

Rogers: Positive Self-Regard

A

Conditions under which one grants oneself acceptance and approval

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17
Q

Rogers: Conditions of Worth

A

Belief that a person is worthy of approval only when he/she abides to certain desirable behaviors and avoids other undesirable behaviors

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18
Q

Rogers: Congruence vs Incongruence

A

The degree of overlap between self-worth, self-image, and ideal self

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19
Q

Rogers: Fully Functioning Persons

A

Awareness & appreciation of all experiences
Open to all feelings
Trust in one’s behavior and feelings
Freedom of choice without inhibitions
Creativity and spontaneity
A continual need to grow

20
Q

George Kelly

A

Believed that people are scientists who construct ideas about the world in order to navigate it

21
Q

Kelly: Constructs

A

Intellectual hypothesis used to interpret life events (bipolar)

22
Q

Kelly: Constructive Alternativism

A

You can revise and replace constructs as needed

23
Q

Kelly: Fundamental Postulate

A

Processes and behavior are directed by how people anticipate events

24
Q

Kelly: Cognitive Complexity vs Simplicity

A

Ability to perceive differences among people

25
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Believed that behavior can be altered with reinforcement and punishment

26
Q

Skinner: Respondent Behavior

A

Responses or reactions made to environmental stimuli

27
Q

Skinner: Operant Behavior

A

Behaviors emitted that change the external environment

28
Q

Skinner: Conditioning

A

Substituting one stimulus for another

29
Q

Skinner: Reinforcement

A

Strengthening a response by adding rewards

30
Q

Skinner: Punishment

A

Introducing an aversive stimulus to discourage a certain behavior

31
Q

Skinner: Extinction

A

Eliminating a behavior by withholding reinforcement or removing its rewards

32
Q

Skinner: Behavior Modification

A

Therapy where you change behavior through reinforcement

33
Q

Skinner: Fixed Interval

A

Reinforcer is provided after a fixed amount of time
Medium response, medium extinction

34
Q

Skinner: Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforcer is provided after a fixed number of repetitions
Fast response, medium extinction

35
Q

Skinner: Variable Interval

A

Reinforcer is provided after an unpredictable amount of time
Medium response, slow extinction

36
Q

Skinner: Variable Ratio

A

GAMBLING
Reinforcer is provided after an unpredictable number of repetitions
Fast response, slow extinction

37
Q

Skinner: Self-Control

A

Having self-control of behavior is associated with better life outcomes

38
Q

What are the characteristics of self-actualizers?

A

Social interest, deep relationships
Efficient, accepting of life, appreciative
Looking for privacy, creative
Focused on external problems
Resistance to social pressure

39
Q

What happens if you do not reach self-actualization?

A

Continue to struggle with lower level needs, unable to reach your full potential, may have metapathology

40
Q

According to Rogers, how does one develop the self?

A

One develops the self by recognizing the value of all experiences, and by following one’s actualization tendency to continue striving for improvement.

41
Q

Can you compare and contrast unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard?

A

Unconditional positive regard means that you will be loved and appreciated the same regardless of how you behave in a given moment. In contrast, conditional positive regard is when parents or other people only show approval for someone when they do certain things.

42
Q

Do you know the strengths and limits of each theory?

A

Some theories are very narrow, others not very scientific, others ignore common aspects of humanity such as personality.

43
Q

What is constructive alternativism and how does it relate to Kelly’s theory?

A

It means that the structures and ideas people create to understand the world can be changed over time based on new experiences. It means that people can mentally adapt to new situations.

44
Q

According to Skinner, what is the basis of behavior?

A

Behavior is based on rewards only. If you aren’t rewarded for a behavior in some way, you’ll stop doing it. If a behavior introduces negative consequences, you are less likely to do it.

45
Q

Why did Skinner use the operant chamber?

A

He used the operant chamber to isolate his subjects and ensure that they weren’t distracted by other things while he studied them.

46
Q

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

A

Negative reinforcement is still reinforcement which encourages a behavior, while punishment is designed to discourage a behavior. Negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant, thereby still encouraging the behavior. Punishment is introducing something disliked in attempt to discourage a behavior.

Psychology 470 (2 decks)

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