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Psychology > Psychology 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Psychology 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

Relates to how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured

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2
Q

Acquisition

A

Overall period of time taken to acquire the learnt response

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3
Q

Action potential

A

The neural message, in the form of an electrical impulse, sent down the axon of a neuron when certain conditions met

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4
Q

Adrenaline

A

Increases physiological arousal and contributes to the consolidation of emotionally arousing memories

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5
Q

Agonist

A

A type of drug that imitates neurotransmitters and works to initiate a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) when it binds to the receptor sites of the neuron

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6
Q

Aim

A

A statement outlining the purpose of the study

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7
Q

Alarm reaction

A

The first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome which involves the body’s initial decline (shock) and then rise in arousal to a stressor (counter-shock)

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8
Q

Allocation

A

The process of assigning participants to conditions in the experiment for the research

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9
Q

Alpha waves

A

Medium sized brain waves with medium-high frequency and low-medium amplitude which indicate an alert but relaxed state.

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10
Q

altered state of consciousness (ASC)

A

A state of consciousness that is characterised by different levels of awareness as compared to normal waking consciousness.

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11
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline

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12
Q

Amplitude

A

Indicates the intensity or strength of brain waves, how much neurons are firing at the same time together

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13
Q

Amygdala

A

A brain structure in the temporal midbrain involved retrieving explicit memories (specifically emotionally driven ones)

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14
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

abnormal build-up of beta-amyloid protein found between the synapses of neurons, which interferes with the communication BETWEEN neurons

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15
Q

Antagonist

A

A type of drug that works to prevent a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) by blocking the receptor sites of a neuron

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16
Q

amnesia

A

a condition where new explicit memories cannot be effectively consolidated after trauma to the hippocampus

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17
Q

Anxiety

A

A psychological and physiological response that involves feelings of worry and apprehension

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18
Q

Appraisal

A

an assessment or evaluation

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19
Q

Approach strategies

A

Coping strategies which confront the source of the stressors

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20
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin multi store model of memory

A

a model of memory which outlines the flow of information in memory formation and retrieval through three separate stores of memory (sensory, short-term and long-term) each of which have a different function, capacity and duration

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21
Q

Attention stage

A

the first stage of the observational learning where learners must actively focus on the model in order to learn.

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22
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

the branch of the PNS responsible for connecting the CNS and the body’s visceral (non-skeletal) organs, muscles and glands like the heart and liver. Ensured they are regulated without conscious awareness

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23
Q

Avoidance strategies

A

coping strategies that evade the stressor, seeking to reduce stress by indirectly dealing with it

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24
Q

Axon

A

The pathway down which the neural message travels from one end of neuron to other.

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25
Q

Axon terminals

A

The ends of the neuron that releases a message into the synapse

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26
Q

Behaviour

A

a voluntary action in response to an antecedent.

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27
Q

Benign-positive

A

an initial appraisal of a stimulus as neutral or good, and not causing stress for an individual

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28
Q

Benzodiazepines (biological)

A

A medication that act as an agonist (mimicking GABA), increasing the inhibitory response of GABA, helps reduce anxiety

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29
Q

Beta waves

A

fast, small brain waves with high frequency and low amplitude, indicating high levels of alertness

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30
Q

What do biological protective factors do?

A

factors that increase resilience by supporting healthy physiological functioning

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31
Q

What does biological risk factors do?

A

factors relating to the body that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder

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32
Q

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

a measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s blood

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33
Q

Brain

A

The body’s information centre, responsible for initiating and processing actions, thoughts and behaviour

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34
Q

Brain trauma

A

damage to the brain that is caused by an external force

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35
Q

Brain wave

A

a pattern of electrical current in the brain caused by neurons communicating, visually represented as a wave

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36
Q

Breathing retraining (biological)

A

a method used to teach someone breathing control techniques that they can apply when facing their phobic stimulus

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37
Q

Bright light therapy

A

a method used to adjust a person’s circadian rhythm through exposure to a high-intensity light source

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38
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual, group, or particular phenomenon that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world

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39
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

a kind of cognitive bias in which a stimulus or event is predicted to be far worse than it is likely to be in reality.

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40
Q

Central nervous system

A

the brain and the spinal cord, responsible for sending motor messages to and receiving sensory messages from the peripheral nervous system

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41
Q

Cerebellum

A

a brain structure in the base of the brain which encodes and stores implicit procedural memories

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42
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

a brain structure where long-term memories are stored

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43
Q

Challenge appraisal

A

a further appraisal of a stressor as potentially providing a good opportunity for growth or change for the individual

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44
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep disorders

A

A category of sleep disorders due to constant pattern of sleep disruption from misalignment between the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake schedule

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45
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

are biological and behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours (sleep-wake cycle)

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46
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli (learner is passive)

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47
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A

a type of implicit memory which involves an involuntary response, such as fear, to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus

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48
Q

Cognition

A

the mental processes an individual performs in order to understand and process information

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49
Q

Cognitive behavioural strategies

A

techniques of cognitive behavioural therapy used to change dysfunctional thought and behavioural pattern, including: challenging dysfunctional thinking, exploring causes of dysfunctional thinking and reframing these, identify thought patterns

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50
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (Psychological)

A

Focuses on helping the person change negative thoughts (e.g. memory bias) by replacing them with more positive, realistic ones. It replaces negative behaviours (i.e. avoidance) for more positive and helpful ones.

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51
Q

Cognitive bias

A

Tendency to think in a way that involves errors of judgment and faulty decision-making, can view phobia’s certain stimuli as threatening.

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52
Q

Conclusion

A

a statement regarding the results of an investigation as to whether the hypothesis was supported or not

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53
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

a response caused by a conditioned stimulus

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54
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (presented at the same time)

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55
Q

Confidentiality

A

the right of the participant for their personal details to remain private

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56
Q

Confounding variables

A

Variables other than the IV that have directly an effect on the dependent variable

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57
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of our own internal mental processes, including your thoughts, feelings, sensations and perceptions as well as your awareness of the external world around you

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58
Q

Consciousness continuum

A

A progression of states of consciousness ranging from least aware to most aware

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59
Q

Consequence

A

an event following an action that makes it either more or less likely to occur again

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60
Q

Context dependent cues

A

stimuli in the physical environment where a memory is recalled that act as a prompt to retrieve memories formed in the environment

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61
Q

Context-specific effectiveness

A

when the coping strategy or mechanism used is appropriate for the demands of the stressor

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62
Q

Control group

A

a group that is used as a basis for comparison (they are not exposed to the experimental conditions or independent variable)

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63
Q

Convenience sampling

A

when a sample is selected using the quickest and easiest means possible, selecting people who are readily available from the population

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64
Q

Coping

A

the process of dealing with stress

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65
Q

Coping flexibility

A

The ability to replace an ineffective coping strategy with a different strategy that is more suited in dealing with the stressor

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66
Q

Cortisol

A

a hormone released into the body in times of stress

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67
Q

Counterbalancing

A

A method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way

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68
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

when data is collected from participants from different segments of the population to represent a “snapshot” in time

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69
Q

Debriefing

A

occurs at the conclusion of an experiment and involves the researcher outlining the nature of the experiment to participants and includes ensuring that participants do not leave the experiment with lasting harm

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70
Q

Deception

A

When the participant is unaware of the true nature of the experiment

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71
Q

Delta waves

A

slow and large brain waves with low frequency and high amplitude, indicating very low levels of alertness

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72
Q

Dendrites

A

the bushy spines of a neuron that receive a message

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73
Q

Dependent variable

A

the variable that is being measured in an experiment for changes it experience due to the independent variable

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74
Q

Depressants

A

a class of drugs that reduce central nervous system and body activity, reducing levels of alertness compared to NWC

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75
Q

Distress

A

a form of stress characterised by a negative psychological state

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76
Q

Dopamine

A

A neuromodulator primarily responsible for voluntary motor movement,
the experience of pleasure, and reward-based learning

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77
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which both the participant and the person conducting the experiment are unaware of which condition participants have been allocated to, in order to reduce experimenter bias

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78
Q

Echoic memory

A

a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information

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79
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

encoding new information by meaningfully linking it to information already stored in long-term memory to enhance its storage and later retrieval

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80
Q

Electro-oculograph (EOG)

A

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes

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81
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain

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82
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the body’s muscles

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83
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

the use of coping strategies that target the emotional components of a stressor, dealing with it indirectly rather than confronting its source

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84
Q

Emotional wellbeing

A

Involves the ability to appropriately control and express their own emotions in an adaptive way, as well as understand the emotions of others

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85
Q

Encoding

A

the process of converting raw information from stimuli into a useable form which can be stored in the brain

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86
Q

Episodic memory

A

the explicit memory of personally experienced events (autobiographical memory)

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87
Q

Eustress

A

a form of stress characterised by a positive psychological state

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88
Q

excitatory effect

A

when a neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to become more likely to fire an action potential

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89
Q

Exhaustion stage

A

The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome which involves the body’s defences and energy levels depleting, leading to a greatly reduced ability to cope with current and future stressors

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90
Q

Experiment

A

a study conducted in a carefully controlled environment to measure the cause and effect between variables

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91
Q

Experimental group

A

the group within an experiment that are exposed to experimental conditions (the IV)

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92
Q

Experimenter effects

A

occur when an experimenters expectations about the study influence the results

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93
Q

Explicit memory/declarative memory

A

a type of long-term memory that can be consciously retrieved

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94
Q

External factors

A

factors which arise from the environment of an individual and contribute to their mental health

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95
Q

External validity

A

is the extent to which the results of an investigation can be applied to similar individuals in different settings

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96
Q

Functioning

A

The way in which an individual approaches everyday demands and operates within their environment

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97
Q

Extraneous variable

A

variables other then the independent variable that may produce unwanted results in an experiment

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98
Q

Fight-flight-freeze response

A

Initiated by sympathetic nervous system and prepares body to confront a stressful situation to optimize the chance of survival.

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99
Q

Frequency

A

Indicates the speed of the brain waves, how much activity is happening. Measured between the peaks

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100
Q

GABA

A

a type of inhibitory neurotransmitter that blocks or inhibits brain signals, largely associated with calming feelings of anxiety, stress, or fear

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101
Q

GABA dysfunction

A

an insufficient neural transmission or reception of GABA in the body

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102
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

a model that examines the biological stages of stress involved in responding to persistent stressor

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103
Q

Genetic vulnerability

A

a person’s genetic predisposition that increase their susceptibility to developing a mental health disorder

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104
Q

Glutamate

A

a type of excitatory neurotransmitter that sends signals to other cells to create large brain networks. Helps with formation and retrieval of memory, enabling learning.

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105
Q

Harm/loss appraisal

A

a further appraisal of a stressor as having caused some damage for an individual

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106
Q

High levels of functioning

A

the ability for an individual to approach day-to-day tasks independently and effectively to meet everyday demands

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107
Q

Hippocampus

A

Encodes (forms), consolidates (sets) and retrieves explicit memories

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108
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction that identifies the population, and the strength and direction, of a relationship between two variables

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109
Q

Iconic memory

A

a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores visual information

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110
Q

Implicit memory/non-declarative memory

A

a type of long term memory that is retrieved unconsciously

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111
Q

Between subjects Design

A

an experimental design in which participants are split into two or more groups; typically a control group and an experiment group/s

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112
Q

Independent variable

A

the variable that the experimenter manipulates (changes) in order to observe the effect it causes on the dependent variable

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113
Q

Informed consent

A

ensuring participants have a thorough understanding of the procedures involved in the research they are partaking in, including potential harm or risks, and still willingly agree to participate

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114
Q

Inhibitory effect

A

when a neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to become less likely to fire an action potential

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115
Q

Internal validity

A

the extent to which the changes in the dependent variable are caused by the independent variable, and not other variables

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116
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmit information between sensory and motor neurons, they are the most numerous neurons in the Brain, not found in PNS.

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117
Q

Interview

A

a type of questionnaire that is usually conducted verbally, involving the researcher asking the participants questions and recording their responses

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118
Q

Levels of awareness

A

the degree to which an individual is conscious of stimuli

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119
Q

Long-term depression (LTD)

A

The decrease in synaptic strength through low frequency stimulation of the neural pathway

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120
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

The increase in synaptic strength through high frequency stimulation of the neural pathway

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121
Q

Long-term memory

A

Stores a potentially unlimited amount of information for a very long period of time, possibly permanently

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122
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating new information over and over to keep it in the STM memory as long as possible

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123
Q

Memory

A

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving learned information

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124
Q

Memory bias

A

Exaggerated recollection of phobic events, e.g. remembering a frog being bigger than it really was

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125
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

An individual’s current state of mind, including their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

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126
Q

Mental health continuum

A

a tool used to track progression of mental health which constantly fluctuates over time, progressing from mentally healthy, to mental health problem, to mental health disorders

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127
Q

Mental health disorder

A

A mental illness that can interfere with a person’s thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviors, disrupting normal function

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128
Q

Mental health problem

A

a psychological state that is temporarily hindered by the presence of a disturbance to normal functioning, which has negative, but not severe impacts on everyday functioning

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129
Q

Motivation stage

A

The fourth stage of observational learning. The learner must want to reproduce the behaviour in order for learning to occur

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130
Q

Motor neurons

A

neurons that transmit information (motor neural messages) about voluntary movement from the CNS to the PNS

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131
Q

Myelin

A

the fatty protein substance that surrounds and insulates the axon of a neuron

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132
Q

Naturally occurring altered states of consciousness

A

a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs without intervention

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133
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

when a stimulus is removed in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again

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134
Q

Neural plasticity

A

the ability for the brain to physically change in response to experience

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135
Q

Neural transmission

A

the process in which a neuron sends a message

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136
Q

Neural reception

A

The process in which a neuron accepts or receives a message

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137
Q

Neurodegenerative disease

A

a disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain

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138
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

abnormal build-up of protein within a neuron associated with cell death. This also disrupts communication WITHIN and BETWEEN neurons

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139
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell responsible for transmitting, receiving and processing information

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140
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that carries information between neurons

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141
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

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142
Q

No-harm principle

A

the role of the researcher to ensure that all participants within an investigation do not experience mental or physical harm

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143
Q

Normal waking consciousness (NWC)

A

a state of being awake and aware of internal and external stimuli

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144
Q

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep

A

NREM is a type of sleep characterised by a progressive
decline in physiological activity. Gets shorter in time per episode

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145
Q

Objective data

A

data that can be observed or measured by multiple people and obtain the same results

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146
Q

Observational learning

A

a type of learning that occurs through watching the actions of a model and the consequences that their actions recieve

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147
Q

Observational study

A

a type of study in which data is collected through careful monitoring of participants

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148
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occuring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

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149
Q

Operationalisation

A

the process of defining variables in terms of how they will be either manipulated or measured in the experiment

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150
Q

Order effects

A

a source of error in within subjects designs due to the order the participants participate in the experimental and control conditions

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151
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

a branch of the ANS responsible for returning and maintaining the body’s visceral organs, muscles and glands at optimal and balanced functioning. Dominant during the freeze stage of F-F-F

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152
Q

Partial sleep deprivation

A

when an individual sleeps for some duration within a 24 hour period, but the sleep duration is too short, or the quality of sleep is poor

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153
Q

Individual differences/ participant-related variables

A

individual participant differences that can effect results

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154
Q

Perceptual distortions

A

atypical variation in the way an individual interprets stimuli

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155
Q

Cognitive distortions

A

atypical variation in the way an individual processes stimuli

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156
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves outside the CNS, responsible for transmitting information to and from the CNS

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157
Q

Perpetuating risk factor

A

factors that inhibit a person’s ability to recover from a specific phobia. (operant conditioning)

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158
Q

Placebo

A

An inactive substance or treatment, such as a sugar pill.

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159
Q

Placebo effect

A

changes to an individuals mental or physical state as a result of a false belief in the effects of a placebo substance or procedure

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160
Q

Positive punishment

A

when a negative stimulus is added in order to discourage a behaviour from occurring again

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161
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

when a positive stimulus is added in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again

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162
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that receives a message from the synapse

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163
Q

Precipitating risk factor

A

factors that increase the susceptibility to and contribute to
the occurrence of developing a specific phobia.(classical conditioning)

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164
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that releases a message into the synapse

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165
Q

Primary appraisal

A

the initial process of evaluating the nature of an incoming stressor, specifically the kind of stress it will cause

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166
Q

Primary data collection

A

a method of data collection involving data being collected directly by the experimenter

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167
Q

Procedural memory

A

the implicit memory of motor skills and actions that have been learned previously

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168
Q

Protective factor

A

a factor that prevents the occurrence or re-occurrence of mental health disorders

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169
Q

Psychoeducation (social)

A

Aids families and supporters of individuals with specific phobia in understanding, dealing with, and treating the phobia

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170
Q

Psychological construct

A

an agreed upon description and understanding of psychological phenomena which cannot be overtly measured or observed e.g. sleep/consciousness

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171
Q

What do psychological protective factors do?

A

promote resilience by supporting a person’s mental and cognitive functioning

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172
Q

What do psychological risk factors do?

A

factors relating to cognitive and affective functioning that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder

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173
Q

Qualitative data

A

data that describes the characteristics of something; data of concepts that can be measured non- numerically

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174
Q

Quantitative data

A

data concerning numerical amounts; expressed numerically

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175
Q

Questionnaire/surveys

A

a list of questions that participants can respond to in a variety of formats

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176
Q

Random sampling

A

when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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177
Q

Random allocation

A

when every member of the sample has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition in an experiment

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178
Q

Receptor sites

A

protein molecules located on the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron, responsible for receiving neurotransmitters

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179
Q

Reinforcement

A

a type of consequence that makes the behaviour more likely to occur again

180
Q

REM (Rapid eye movement) sleep

A

a type of sleep characterised by a quick darting of the eyes behind closed eyelids and an increase in physiological activity. Time spent in rem increases as episodes progresses

181
Q

Within subjects design

A

an experimental design in which the same participants are in every condition of the experiment

182
Q

Reproduction

A

the third stage of observational learning. The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the observed behaviour

183
Q

Resilience

A

refers to the ability to cope with
and manage change and uncertainty

184
Q

Resistance

A

the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome which involves the body sustaining high levels of arousal to a persistent stressor

185
Q

Restoration theory of sleep

A

a theory that proposes that sleep replenishes psychological and physiological function

186
Q

Retention stage

A

the second stage of observational learning. The learner must create a mental representation and remember (retain) the behaviour the model has demonstrated

187
Q

Retrieval

A

accessing information which has previously been stored in the brain

188
Q

Rumination

A

repeatedly focusing on negative psychological thoughts and experiences

189
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

the process of evaluating the resources available and required in order to cope with a stressor

190
Q

Self-efficacy

A

a person’s confidence in their ability to complete tasks and meet goals

191
Q

Self-report

A

a participant’s subjective account of an experience; this type of investigation can be conducted through the use of a questionnaire, interview or rating scale

192
Q

Semantic memory

A

the explicit memory of facts and knowledge about the world

193
Q

Sensory memory

A

store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses such as sight, hearing and touch

194
Q

Sensory neurons

A

neurons that transmit information (sensory neural messages) about the body’s sensations from the PNS to the CNS

195
Q

Sensory receptor

A

a nerve ending that detects sensations in the environment and body

196
Q

Shift work

A

an occupation which involves working at unusual hours, such as working overnight

197
Q

Short-term memory

A

store of memory which holds information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated

198
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

a procedure in which participants are unaware of which condition they have been allocated to, in order to reduce participant expectations

199
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

muscles connected to the skeleton that are involved in conscious, voluntary movement

200
Q

Sleep

A

A naturally occurring and reversible altered state of consciousness, characterised by a reduction in awareness and responsiveness to external surroundings

201
Q

sleep cycle

A

a proportion of a sleep episode in which the sleeper progresses through stages of REM and NREM sleep, lasting on average 90 minutes for humans

202
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Is to be denied of getting the necessary amount or quality of sleep

203
Q

Sleep diaries

A

A subjective, self-report tool used by a person to track their own sleep/wake patterns

204
Q

Sleep disorder

A

a consistent presence of a particular sleep disturbance which has profound impacts on an individual’s sleep, leading to persistent effects on day to day functioning

205
Q

Sleep episode

A

the full duration of time spent asleep

206
Q

Sleep onset

A

Difficulty initiating sleep

207
Q

Sleep-wake cycle

A

A type of circadian rhythm, time spent awake and asleep. Determined by internal body clock in hypothalamus, regulate our level of body temp and hormone secretions

208
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Repeated biological processes that are regulated by internal mechanisms, circadian and ultradian.

209
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

A part of the hypothalamus, which functions as the master body clock.

210
Q

Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

A

AKA sleep-wake phase disorder, relates to our internal circadian rhythm being delayed two hours or more from normal sleep pattern despite external cues (e.g. night falling). This will cause sleep later and wake later

211
Q

Advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD)

A

Relates to our internal circadian rhythm signaling sleepiness earlier than a conventional sleep pattern, causing to sleep earlier and wake earlier

212
Q

what do social protective factors do?

A

increase resilience by providing social support

213
Q

what are social risk factors

A

factors relating to an individual’s interaction with their external environment and other people that increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder

214
Q

Social wellbeing

A

the ability for an individual to form bonds with others and maintain positive relationships

215
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

the branch of the PNS responsible for sending motor information from the CNS to the body’s skeletal muscle, and bringing sensory information from the body to the CNS in order to formulate voluntary responses

216
Q

Specific environmental triggers

A

stimuli or experiences in a person’s environment that prompt an extreme stress response

217
Q

Specific phobia

A

A persistent, irrational and intense fear of a particular object or event. (occurring even when not in the presence) (maladaptive)

218
Q

Spinal cord

A

a long cable of nerve tissue (neurons) connecting the brain to the peripheral nervous system, responsible for sending motor information from the brain, and sensory information from the body

219
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Automatic, unconscious response that is initiated by neurons in the spinal cord, without involvement of the brain

220
Q

Stigma around seeking treatment

A

the sense of shame a person might feel about getting professional help

221
Q

Stimulant

A

a class of drugs that increase central nervous system and body activity, increasing levels of alertness compared to NWC

222
Q

Stress

A

A state of psychological and physiological tension, resulting from factors that threaten our ability to cope (can’t cope with the stressor)

223
Q

Stressor

A

a stimulus (internal or external) that prompts the stress response

224
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

a branch of the ANS responsible for activating the body’s visceral organs, muscles, and glands for increased activity or when under threat

225
Q

Synapse

A

the area in which neuronal transmission occurs between two neurons, including the sending end of the presynaptic neuron, the gap between two neurons, and receiving end of the postsynaptic neuron

226
Q

Synaptic gap

A

the space in between two neurons into which a message is sent

227
Q

Synaptic buttons/terminal buttons

A

the end of the presynaptic neuron’s axon terminals that release neurotransmitters

228
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

a type of neural plasticity that refers to the ability of synaptic connections to form, weaken or strengthen in response to activity and experience

229
Q

Systematic desensitisation (psychological)

A

When patient experiencing a specific phobia is gradually exposed to phobic stimuli while using relaxing techniques to calm their response

230
Q

Theta waves

A

medium sized brain waves with low-medium frequency and medium-high amplitude, indicating low levels of alertnes

231
Q

Full sleep deprivation

A

when an individual has no sleep within a 24 hour period

232
Q

Ultradian rhythm

A

are biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle that lasts less than 24 hours. (sleep cycles of REM/NREM)

233
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

a natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

234
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

235
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which the investigation measures what it intends to measure

236
Q

Video monitoring

A

a type of data collection involving video and sound recordings of an individual in their sleeping period

237
Q

Voluntary participation

A

the right of the participant to freely choose to willingly participate

238
Q

Voluntary response

A

an action coordinated by the body that is performed with conscious control and intention

239
Q

Wellbeing

A

a state in which an individual is mentally, physically, and socially healthy and secure

240
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

the right of the participant to leave the study at any point, without fear of consequence

241
Q

Anecdote

A

stories based on personal experience

242
Q

Empirical

A

information obtained through direct and systematic observation or experimentation

243
Q

Opinion

A

the view or perspective of someone not necessarily based on evidence

244
Q

Correlation studies

A

look at the relationship between two variables

245
Q

Controlled experiment

A

An investigation where a causal relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment.

246
Q

Literature reviews

A

Use secondary data to answer a question or provides research for comparison before conducting primary data investigations

247
Q

Modelling/stimulations

A

small/large scale presentation of an object to enable replication, explanation or investigation

248
Q

Product, process or system development

A

Design and development of something to meet a human need, which may involve technological application (neurons to power artificial limbs)

249
Q

Classification and identification

A

means to organize things by putting them into or constructing sets (finding new neurons e.g.)

250
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Breaks population into subgroups (strata) and selects participants from each group in the same proportion they appeared in the population, more representative of population but time consuming

251
Q

Non-random allocation

A

methods of allocating study participants to treatment comparison groups that are not random, but are intended to produce similar groups

252
Q

Mixed method design

A

A procedure for collecting and analyzing a quantitative and qualitative research in a single study

253
Q

Non-scientific idea

A

an idea that is formed without evidence and doesn’t use the methods or principles of science

254
Q

Subjective data

A

relies on assumptions or personal experiences e.g. Mood (Gives us insight into things that make us human, however people can lie or have different levels of happiness)

255
Q

Objective data

A

can be directly observed or measured, e.g. Speed, score (Can see/measure, can compare, but cannot measure why? Or look at extraneous)

256
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Mathematical calculations that describe, organise and summarise

257
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures the spread of scores around the mean. The higher the standard deviation, the greater the range of values within the sample

258
Q

True value

A

A value or a range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly e.g. A new watch could be tested against the true value of time - using ‘Coordinated Universal Time’

259
Q

Precision

A

How close a set of measurement values are to each other. How consistent the value is within a set of values that were measured under the same conditions. E.g. If a fridge gives temperature readings over a week within .1 degrees, the results can be considered precise.

260
Q

Personal error

A

miscalculations, observer bias, mistakes

261
Q

Measurement error

A

difference between measured and true value - systematic and random

262
Q

Systematic error

A

errors in data that differ from the true value by a consistent amount

263
Q

Random error

A

errors in data that are unsystematic and occur due to chance

264
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Mathematical calculations that are used to make inferences, judgements, and conclusions from data.

265
Q

Uncertainty

A

Represents lack of knowledge or confidence of the data being measured. This may be the result of missing or incomplete data, contradictory data that creates additional questions, an influential extraneous variable or a sources of bias

266
Q

Statistical significance

A

Data collection through (qual/quan/sub/obj) > Descriptive statistics > Inferential statistics > Conclusion

267
Q

Outliers

A

Values that lie a long way from other results

268
Q

Repeatability

A

How close the successive measurements are when carried out under the same conditions, if completed with the same method, instruments, location etc. It can be verified and confirmed as true findings

269
Q

Reproducibility

A

How close the measurements are when carried out under different conditions, reproduced by a different researcher using a different method of measurement, location, time etc. It can be verified and confirmed as true findings

270
Q

Ethical concepts

A

principles that govern ethical practice

271
Q

Beneficence

A

refers to the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms

272
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

together make up a code that is adopted for ethical practice

273
Q

Non-maleficence

A

no harm is done to the participants

274
Q

afferent pathways

A

carry sensory neural messages

275
Q

efferent pathways

A

carry motor neural messages

276
Q

Conscious responses

A

Are deliberate and voluntary actions that are intentionally initiated by the brain and performed by the body

277
Q

Unconscious response

A

automatic, involuntary actions that are performed by the body independently of the brain. They occur without conscious awareness in response to internal and external sensory stimuli.

278
Q

Integrity

A

honestly reports information

279
Q

Justice

A

distribute fair access of benefits to everyone

280
Q

Respect

A

belief that everyone shares values, has rights to make own decisions

281
Q

Neural communication (Neurotransmission)

A
  1. A neural impulse (electric energy) runs from the dendrite down the axon to the axon terminals
  2. The terminal buttons (synaptic knobs) then release a chemical substance (chemical energy)
  3. This chemical substance known as a neurotransmitter, crosses the a (space from one neuron to the next)
  4. The neurotransmitter is then picked up by receiving neuron via the dendrites
282
Q

Soma

A

The body of the neuron, containing the nucleus with the genetic material for the neuron

283
Q

Vesicles

A

where neurotransmitters are stored

284
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substance released by the terminal button of a neuron that are necessary for neural communication.

285
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential (Glutamate)

286
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. (GABA)

287
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Chemical molecules that have an effect on multiple postsynaptic
neurons, released into multiple neural synapses, have widespread modulatory effects as they can influence large areas of brain tissue,
produces relatively long-lasting effects, as they modulate neural activity more slowly than neurotransmitters

288
Q

3 roles of serotonin

A

Mood, sleep, Aggression/impulsivity

289
Q

3 key processes of neural synapse

A

Sprouting, rerouting, pruning

290
Q

Sprouting

A

growth of dendritic spines (bushier dendrites), growth of filigree appendages (axon sprouts, synaptogenesis (formation of additional synapses)

291
Q

Neural processes

A

Proliferation, Migration, Circuit formation, Circuit pruning, Myelination

292
Q

Pruning

A

the elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated

293
Q

Rerouting

A

establishment of alternative synpatic pathways to avoid damaged neurons

294
Q

3 roles of dopamine

A

Thirst and drinking, Hunger and eating, addiction

295
Q

Serotonin

A

Neuromodulator best known as our mood stabilizer (inhibitory effects). It plays an important role in wellbeing and happiness. Also plays a role in digestion/metabolism, as well as stress. Irregular serotonin levels have also been linked to mental health problems such as depression

296
Q

Proliferation

A

foetal neurons divide and multiply

297
Q

Migration

A

once formed, neurons move to final location in CNS and this will determine what their function will become

298
Q

Circuit formation

A

the axons of the new neurons move outwards with cells and circuits are completed

299
Q

Myelination

A

throughout childhood and into young adulthood 23 yrs, myelin sheathing grows around the axon of neurons, insulating them and making neural transmissions more efficient.

300
Q

Acute stress

A

happens for a period of time, a short period of time, such as a sac

301
Q

Chronic stress

A

happens for a long period of time, poverty, divorce etc

302
Q

Shock

A

Temporary shock (acute stress), ability to deal with stressor falls below normal

303
Q

Counter shock

A

Sympathetic nervous system is activated, stress hormones released into bloodstream, supplies muscles with more energy

304
Q

Explanatory power of the GAS model

A

Measures a predictable pattern of behaviours that can be easily tested, There is evidence to suggest that stress response will occur in response to any type of stressor, body only has a limited amount of resources in coping with prolonged stress

305
Q

Strengths of GAS

A
  • Evidence of relationship between stress and illness
  • Highlights a predictable pattern that can measured in individuals
306
Q

Limitations of GAS

A
  • Research not conducted on humans
  • Does not account for individual differences and psychological factors
307
Q

Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC)

A

states that stress involves an encounter (transaction) between an individual and their external environment. A stress response depends on individuals interpretation (appraisal) of the stressor, and their ability to cope

308
Q

Stages of TSMC

A

Primary appraisal:
Benign positive, Stressful, irrelevant
Harm/loss, threat, challenge

Secondary appraisal:
Assessment of available resources for coping
Not enough resources available = stress

Coping resources adequate = reduced/eliminated stress, reappraisal

309
Q

Primary appraisal

A

an individual’s assessment of the situation

310
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

an individual’s assessment of the available resources to deal with demands

311
Q

Reappraisal

A

an important step in this mode, as the consideration of one’s resources can change their perception of a situation

312
Q

Strengths of TMSC

A
  • Accounts for individual differences in response to similar situations
  • Responds to changes in individual’s response through reappraisal stage, explains why differences can occur within individual’s response to situations
313
Q

Similarities of GAS and TMSC

A
  • Over a course of time
  • Psychobiological
  • Stress and research
314
Q

Differences of GAS and TMSC

A
  • GAS physiological, TMSC psychological
  • GAS = stress is same for everyone, TMSC = stress subjective
  • GAS model based off rats, TMSC model based off humans
315
Q

Gut-brain axis

A

The bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous systems.

316
Q

Functions of the gut-brain axis

A
  • Enables bidirectional feedback between brain and gastrointestinal tract (gut)
  • 10-20% of nerve fibers convey info from brain to gut, 80-90% from gut to brain
  • 95% serotonin is stored in the gut
  • The gut is the only organ that can function without the brain
317
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS) definition

A

The enteric nervous system refers to the network of nerves in the gut and is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system.

318
Q

Functions of the Enteric nervous system

A
  • Subdivision of the Autonomic nervous system
  • Hidden in in the walls of the digestive system and similar in structure and function to the brain (mini brain)
  • 200-600 million sensory, motor and interneurons line the gastrointestinal tract, from the oesophagus to the rectum
  • Controls rhythmic contractions of digestive tract, regulates gastric acid secretion, changes in local blood flow, release of gut hormones and interacts with immune system
319
Q

Communication between the ENS and CNS happens through what?

A

Communication between CNS and ENS happens via the vagus nerve and gut microbiota

320
Q

Vagus nerve

A
  • One of the largest nerves in body
  • Plays role in controlling mood, immune response and heart rate
  • Main connection between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract (bidirectional)
321
Q

Gut microbiota

A

refers to all of the microorganisms that live in the gut

322
Q

Functions of Gut microbiota

A
  • Our gut contains more than 1000 microbe species or gut microbiota
  • Digest food, providing us and them with nutrients
  • Produce neurotransmitters
  • Some are involved in regulating production, storage and release of neurotransmitters by neurons in ENS
  • Stress -> change in gut microbiota -> deficiencies in certain bacteria -> depression/anxiety
323
Q

Learning

A

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience;
* Ongoing process, continues throughout lifespan, enabling coping and adapting
* Can occur intentionally (taking tennis lessons) or unintentionally (watching tennis lessons)

324
Q

Social cognitive approach

A

Learning that occurs by watching another person’s (model’s) actions and their consequences to guide future behaviour. (model can be live or symbolic), more likely imitated if attractive, capable, high status, trustworthy

325
Q

Learning within the Aboriginal system

A
  • Learner is part of a multimodal system of knowledge patterned on Country
  • Learning is embedded in relationships
  • Learning is not segmented but rather, a holistic process
326
Q

Learning within Systems of knowledge (Aboriginal) (SOK)

A
  • Systems of knowledge are developed by communities working together and sharing traditional expertise and knowledge
  • Systems of knowledge means that knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings, and in turn, inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity
327
Q

8 ways of learning framework (Aboriginal)

A

Story-sharing, Learning maps, Non-verbal, Symbols and images, Non-linear, Land links, Community links, Deconstruct/reconstruct

328
Q

Story-sharing

A

learning though narrative, listening and sharing stories of past, present, future

329
Q

Learning maps

A

creating images or visuals to map pathways or processes

330
Q

Non verbal

A

sharing knowledge through non-verbal means, including dance, art and observation

331
Q

Symbols and images

A

learning through images, symbols and metaphors

332
Q

Non-linear

A

thinking outside the square and talking knowledge from different viewpoints in order to build new understandings

333
Q

Land links

A

learning and knowledge inherently linked to nature, land and Country

334
Q

Community links

A

connecting learning to local values, needs and knowledge. Learning doesn’t occur in a vacuum, but shared with others and used to meet community needs

335
Q

Deconstruct/reconstruct

A

breaking down a concept from whole to parts, then applying it. Knowledge/skills demonstrated, then learner is guided through each part in turn. Learners engage by watching and then doing

336
Q

Significance of country to learning

A

country refers to the traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, including geographical boundaries as well as the spiritual, emotional and intellectual entities and connections within it, Country as a concept is not just land, but everything that is connected to it

337
Q

Chunking

A

The grouping, or ‘packing’ of separate bits of information into a larger single unit, or ‘chunk of information’, e.g. mobile number has 10 numbers, to chunk it, it separates it into 0402, 945, 602, grouping it for better memory.

338
Q

Decay

A

When information is not renewed (not being used- through repetition)
* E.g. When you forget what you want to say in class while you wait for another person to finish what they are saying, listening to what the other person is saying prevents you from repeating the information and maintaining your point in STM

339
Q

Displacement

A

Short-term memory where the capacity to retain info is restricted up to seven items at a 7

340
Q

Autobiographical events

A

refer to personally lived experiences

341
Q

Possibly imagined futures

A

refer to hypothetical experiences that an individual has the ability to create in their mind. Damage to the hippocampus in particular leads to diffucult in remembering past events.

342
Q

Brain atrophy

A

the loss of neurons (brain tissue) within the brain

Hippocampus is the first structure affected by atrophy
* This means that new explicit memories cannot be encoded and consolidated resulting in ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
* E.g. a person in early to middle stages of Alzheimer’s typically can’t learn new things and forget where they have placed an object

343
Q

How is the cerebral cortex affected by brain atrophy?

A

When cerebral cortex is affected, there is a loss of stored explicit (episodic, semantic and autobiographical ) long term memories, (retrograde amnesia as well)

344
Q

How is Alzheimer’s diagnosed?

A
  • Amyloid plaques can cause brain lesions, which can be identified through brain imaging
  • However Alzheimer’s is best confirmed through post-mortem examination
345
Q

Alzheimer’s symptoms

A
  • Memory loss, especially declarative
  • Personality change
  • Confusion and disorientation
  • Repetition
346
Q

Early stage of Alzheimer’s

A

Early stage: 2-4 years
* Forget recently read material
* Forget where valuables placed

347
Q

Middle stage of Alzheimer’s

A

Middle stage: 2-10 years
* Delusions, compulsions or repetitive behavior
* Agitation/anxiety
* Lose track of surroundings

348
Q

Late stage of Alzheimer’s

A

Late stage: 1-3 years
* Significant personality/behavior changes
* Difficulty moving. Eating
* Loss of bladder/bowel control

349
Q

Aphantasia

A

A phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery

350
Q

Aphantasia aspects

A
  • Initiated by visual cortex, not our eyes
  • Reduced ability to recall episodic memories (visual components of semantic may be lacking)
  • Struggle to retrieve autobiographical events and construct possible imagined features
351
Q

Mnemonics

A

are systems, techniques, or strategies implemented to consciously improve memory.

352
Q

Acronyms: WORD

A

a mnemonic device in which the first letter of each item to be recalled in placed together to create a word (BODMAS, brackets, order, division, multiplication, addition, subtraction)

353
Q

Acrostics: SENTENCE

A

An acrostic is a mnemonic device in which the first letter of each item to be recalled becomes the first letter of new word, and these new words are then put together into a phrase, rhyme or poem (North east south west - Never eat soggy Weetbix)

354
Q

Method of loci

A

A mnemonic technique known as a memory palace, You first start with a series of well known locations (such as your house), and ‘attach’ each word or concept to each location (the different rooms). Then you take a physical walk or mental walk to recall each of these items.

355
Q

Oral cultures

A

Cultures in which stories and info are communicated by word of mouth
* Stories, poems or sung narratives e.g. the bible, Shakespeare
* Sung narratives
* Songlines

356
Q

Sung narratives

A

Stories told through singing, music and sometimes dance

357
Q

Songlines

A

Sung narratives of the landscape that weave across Country and enable every significant place in Aboriginal Dreaming to be known.

358
Q

NREM 1

A

Transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep, light sleep, body systems slow down, hypnic jerk, lose awareness

359
Q

NREM 2

A

Also light sleep, wake relatively easy, most time slept is in this stage, considered truly asleep

360
Q

NREM 3

A

Deep sleep, body response slowest, brain activity lowest, if woken would feel drowsy, sleepwalking/talk

361
Q

Physiological indicators of consciousness (objective)

A
  • Heart rate
  • Body temp
  • Galvanic skin response
  • Eye movement
  • Muscle movement
  • Brainwaves
362
Q

Psychological indicators of consciousness (subjective)

A
  • Content limitations
  • Perceptual and cognitive distortions
  • Emotional awareness
  • Self control
  • Time orientation
363
Q

Suprachiasmatic function

A

The SCN relies on external cues (zietgebers), such as exercise, social activity, eating patterns, temperature etc

  • The SCN is sensitive to light (therefore circadian day and night)
  • No light detected at night so SCN > pineal gland > melatonin
364
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone that is secreted during low levels of light. Helps to sync internal events to external cues

365
Q

How is melatonin released

A
  1. Light is detected by the eye
  2. This stimulates the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN)
  3. The SCN sends excitatory messages to the pineal gland in the hypothalamus to release melatonin
366
Q

Newborn period sleep (1-15 days)

A

Approx. 16 hours of sleep, 50% REM / 50% NREM, need REM for rapid brain development

367
Q

Infant period sleep (3 months - 2 years)

A

Approx. 13.5 hours of sleep, 35% REM / 65% NREM, daytime napping

368
Q

Childhood sleep ( 2-14 yrs)

A

Approx. 11 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, REM decreases as brain development steadies

369
Q

Adolescence sleep (14-18 yrs)

A

Approx. 9 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, Delayed sleep disorder

370
Q

Adulthood sleep (18-75 yrs)

A

Approx. 7-8 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, decreased in deep NREM stages (2&3)

371
Q

Old age sleep (75 yrs+)

A

Approx. 6 hours of sleep, 20% REM / 80% NREM, tend to have ASPD, frequent awakenings

372
Q

Effects of full sleep deprivation

A
  • Brain irritability, cognitive impairment, hallucinations, severe yawning
  • Impaired immune system
  • Risk of diabetes type 2
  • Increased heart rate / risk of heart disease
  • Tremors/aches
373
Q

Physiological effects of sleep deprivation

A
  • Fatigue
  • Trembling hands
  • Dropping eyelids
  • Slurred speech
  • Lack of energy
374
Q

Psychological effects of sleep deprivation

A
  • Affective - mood change, depression, lack of motivation, anxiety
  • Behavioral - slower reaction time, clumsiness, risk taking behaviour
  • Cognitive - lack of concentration, impaired memory, trouble with simple tasks, poor decision making
375
Q

Effects of FULL sleep deprivation

A
  • More severe now, could lead to death
  • Deprivation psychosis
  • Hallucinations
  • Long term health effects: Diabetes type 2, hypertension, obesity
376
Q

Microsleeps

A

Short sharp bursts of sleep (3-15 seconds) where the individual appears to be awake and may be unaware, they have slept at all. EEG patterns resemble those experienced in NREM stage 1 or 2 sleep

377
Q

REM rebound

A

When our bodies need to catch up on REM sleep, so our typical proportion of REM to NREM may shift, dream intensity during REM increases

378
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

A type of depression (very low mood) that occurs as a result of change in the seasons:
* Prevalent for people who live in countries that have short days
* Low exposure to natural light, impacting their sleep-wake cycle

379
Q

Zeitgeber’s

A

External cues that help synchronize our internal body clock with the natural environment

  • Strongest Zeitgebers are light, temperature, eating/drinking, exercise, socialisation
380
Q

Daylight and blue light

A

Daylight: natural light we are exposed to during the day (primary zeitgeber)

Blue light: type of light that can be natural (within daylight) or artificial (through screens)

381
Q

Temperature

A

Body temperature is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. An increase in blood flow to skin results in warm skin, so heat is lost from the body and body temp drops

382
Q

Temperature of sleep and room

A

Body cools while we sleep; research suggests that sleeping in a cooler room (not cold) assists the body in getting to its ideal temp for optimal sleep

383
Q

Eating and drinking

A

Our eating and drinking help to sync our daily energy requirements
* Long-term severe food deprivation, calorie restriction/ perceived starvation affects it heavily

  • Other peripheral body clocks (not the SCN) exist in almost all body tissues resetting signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Eating meals 3-4 hours before sleep can negatively affect sleep quality, meals should be eaten during the day or early evening to keep the SCN and other peripheral body clocks synchronised.

384
Q

Sleep hygiene

A

Refers to the healthy habits and behaviours that can be engaged in to improve the onset and quality of sleep

385
Q

Examples of good sleep hygiene

A
  • Light cues: reduce levels of light 2 HOURS before bed, do not look at blue screens, sleep in dark room
  • Food and drink: do not eat too late, avoid caffeine / sugar
  • Rituals: develop a ritual that signals bedtime, either shower, skin routine, book reading
  • Patterns: sleep/wake at similar times
  • Comfort: create both physically/mentally comfy place
386
Q

SEWB framework

A

(social and emotional wellbeing), is a framework that includes all elements of being, and therefore wellbeing, for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
* Collectivist perspective/integral (linked to fam/community)
* Multidimensional (different components)
* Holistic approach (whole person)

387
Q

7 domains of SEWB

A
  • Body
  • Mind and emotions
  • Family and kinship
  • Community
  • Culture
  • Country
  • Spirituality and ancestors
388
Q

Mental health and SEWB determinants

A
  • Social: socio-economic status, poverty, unemployment, racial discrimination
  • Historical: impact of past government, historical oppression
  • Political: issues of land, resource control, cultural security
389
Q

Stigma

A

When someone views you in a negative way because you have a distinguishing characteristic that’s thought to be a disadvantage (a negative stereotype)

390
Q

Internal factors

A

Factors that arise from within the individual

391
Q

External factors

A

Factors that arise from an individual’s environment

392
Q

Biological factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Sex
  • Hormone
  • Immune functionPsy
393
Q

Psychological factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Thought pattern
  • Stress response
  • Emotions
  • Learning/memory
394
Q

Social factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Relationships
  • Access to support
  • Levels of education
  • Income
  • Discriminations
  • Cultural beliefs
395
Q

Stress/anxiety biological factors

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Poor sleep
  • Lack of exercise
  • Bad genetic response to medication
  • Substance abuse
396
Q

Stress/anxiety psychological factors

A
  • Personality traits; poor self-efficacy
  • Rumination
  • Impaired reasoning/coping skills
397
Q

Stress/anxiety social factors

A
  • Loss of significant relationship
  • Lack of support from family/friends
  • Poverty
398
Q

Factors for stress/anxiety can:

A
  • Can be adaptive and helpful
  • May contribute to developing a mental disorder
  • Typical people experience this
399
Q

Adaptive response

A

In which through experiences, the mind learns (through anxiety) to survive in our environment. It can be a positive thing to help us be more careful and learn. But it can become maladaptive if kept persistent/disabling

400
Q

Four categories of specific phobia

A
  • Animals (snakes, dogs)
  • Situations (heights, confined spaces, airplanes)
  • Blood/injections (needles, procedures)
  • Natural environments (water, storms)
401
Q

Phobia psychological risk factors

A
  • Developmental stage (phobia develop in childhood)
  • Traumatic events
  • Avoidance strategy (negative reinforcement - operant)
  • Cognitive bias (memory bias, worst case scenario thinking)
402
Q

Phobia social factors

A
  • Parental modelling
  • Specific environmental trigger
  • Stigma related to receiving treatment (afraid of what others will think - especially the doctor themselves)
  • Psychotherapy (family involvement, how they help you at home)
403
Q

Phobia biological factors

A
  • Neurotransmitter dysfunction (GABA)
  • Gender (more females)
  • Stress response
  • Long-term potentiation (constant pairing of fear + object of fear)
404
Q

Factors for phobia can:

A
  • Is not helpful
  • Is a mental disorder
  • Not many people typically experience this
405
Q

Biopsychosocial model (specific phobia)

A

Explores the interconnected way that biological, psychological and social factors influence human behaviour and development.

406
Q

Social risk factors (specific phobia BPS model)

A

Specific environmental triggers, Stigma,

407
Q

Biological factors (biopsychosocial model)

A

GABA dysfunction, LTP

408
Q

Psychological factors (biopsychosocial model)

A

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Cognitive bias

409
Q

How classical conditioning relates to systematic desensitisation

A
  • Phobic stimulus is neutral stimulus (NS), but is a conditioned stimulus
  • In systematic desensitization, we pair the CS with a pleasant UCS (relaxation technique), to make a UCR
  • Then conditioned stimulus will be no more
410
Q

Process of systematic desensitisation

A
  1. Patient learns relaxation technique
  2. Patient establishes a fear hierarchy (least to most scary)
  3. Patient is gradually exposed to stimuli on the hierarchy, from easiest and working up. This is paired with the newly learned relaxation technique
  4. Continues until fear response disappears by the new association of the phobic stimulus with the feeling of relaxation
411
Q

Two components of psychoeducation

A
  • Challenging unrealistic or anxious thoughts of the individual
  • Not encouraging avoidance behaviours
412
Q

Biopsychosocial model (mental wellbeing)

A

A useful framework for considering the factors that contribute to the development of mental disorders and provide protection from mental disorders

413
Q

Protective factors

A

decreasing chance of developing mental disorder

414
Q

Risk factors

A

increasing chance of developing mental disorder

415
Q

Biological protective factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Adequate nutritional intake and hydration (ensures sufficient nutrients)
  • Adequate sleep (regulate emotions, clear decision making, control over behavioural change)
416
Q

Psychological protective factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Mindfulness meditation (focusing awareness on the present moment and practicing non-judgmental acceptance of experiences, redirect our thoughts and calm our mind)
  • Benefits of Mindfulness meditation: reduces rumination, reduces stress, boosts working memory, more cognitive flexibility
  • Cognitive behaviour therapy/strategy
  • Reframing (looking at a situation with a different perspective)
417
Q

Cognitive behavioural strategies

A

Techniques that utilize traits of cognitive behavioural therapy to recognize and change dysfunctional thought and behavioural patterns

418
Q

Social protective factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Supportive networks
  • Family, friends, community
419
Q

Biological risk factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Genetic vulnerability (genetic predisposition e.g. schizophrenia)
  • Poor response to medication (medication may make symptoms worse due to genetic makeup)
  • Poor sleep (lack of resources to cope with daily life, inability to restore neurotransmitters)
  • Substance abuse (drugs/alcohol)
420
Q

Psychological risk factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Rumination (constant dwelling on negative thoughts)
  • Impaired memory and reasoning (own subjective thoughts mess with reality)
  • Stress
  • Self-efficacy (a person’s confidence to complete life tasks/goals)
421
Q

Social risk factors for mental wellbeing

A
  • Disorganized insecure attachment (when infant is not given consistent care)
  • Loss of significant relationship
  • Stigma (feeling of shame about your differences)
422
Q

Aboriginal culture

A

refers to a strong sense of identity, values, tradition, and connection between the past, present, and future that drives behaviour and beliefs

423
Q

Holistic approach

A

an approach to wellbeing that considers the whole person, including their mental, physical, spiritual, and social needs

424
Q

Cultural continuity

A

ability to preserve the historical traditions of a culture and carry them forward with that culture into the future

425
Q

Self determination

A

the rights of all peoples to pursue freely their economic, social and cultural development without outside interference.
- Generally collaborated with community-controlled organisations and governments.

426
Q

Difference between a hypothesis and predicting a possible outcome

A

Hypothesis is used when there is manipulation of variables, prediction of outcome is used when variables are not manipulated, such as correlational studies, case studies etc.

427
Q

Generalisability

A

the extent to which findings from a sample may be applied to the broader population

428
Q

Neural transmission binding process

A

The neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, the molecular shape on the neurochemical will temporarily bind to a specific receptor site that must be complementary to the shape of the neurochemical.

429
Q

Explanatory power

A

the ability of a theory/model to explain subject matter effectively

430
Q

Behaviourist approach to learning

A

involves an interaction between an individual and stimuli in the environment through conditioning

431
Q

Storage

A

the retention
of information over time

432
Q

Rehearsal

A

a controlled process which involves consciously repeating or manipulating information in short-term memory

433
Q

Post-mortem examination

A

an assessment of a
dead body that occurs
to determine the cause
of death

434
Q

Lesion

A

an area of tissue
that has been damaged
due to disease or injury

435
Q

Mental imagery

A

the visual representations and experiences of sensory information without the presence of sensory stimuli

436
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

The practice of meditation in which an individual focuses on their present experience to promote feelings of calm and peace

437
Q

Internal reinforcement

A

occurs when behaviour is reinforced through factors internal to the individual, such as a good feeling to oneself

438
Q

External reinforcement

A

occurs when behaviour is reinforced by external factors, such as receiving an reward

439
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

behaviour reinforced by observing the reinforcement of another person performing the same behaviour, enhancing motivation.

440
Q

Neocortex

A

Top layer of cerebral cortex, involved in higher order brain functions, and is the most recently evolved part of the brain

441
Q

Irrelevant (TMSC)

A

an initial appraisal of a stimulus as a non-issue for the individual

442
Q

Threat (TMSC)

A

a further appraisal of a stressor as potentially causing damage to the individual in the future

443
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Deep within the cerebral cortex involved in formation (or encoding) of implicit procedural memories and classically conditioned memories

444
Q

Fieldwork

A

any research involving observation and interaction with people and
environments in real-world settings, conducted beyond the laboratory

445
Q

Effects of shift work

A

Insomnia (difficulty sleeping/staying asleep), Fragmented sleep (waking multiple times), circadian rhythm phase disorder, sleep timing

Psychology (2 decks)

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