Psychology 2

Question 1

Behavioral learning

Answer 1

Through behavioral learning, an individual determines what behaviors are culturally appropriate and the possible consequences

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Example: Pavlov’s dog, bell, and salivation

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

More or less likely to carry out certain behavior based on consequence
Example: Skinner’s box - rat and the lever

Question 4

Innate response

Answer 4

unconditional response (salivation) to unconditional stimuli (food)

Question 5

Neutral stimuli

Answer 5

bell, becomes conditioned stimuli & elicits the conditioned response

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

Stage of learning to associate the bell with the food and produce as a result salivation

Question 7

spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

the reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

the disappearance of the conditioned response (salivation)

Question 9

stimulus generalizations

Answer 9

respond to stimuli that is similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 10

stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to conditioned one

Question 11

Reinforcement

Answer 11

increases the behavior

Question 12

Punishment

Answer 12

decreases behavior

Question 13

Positive

Answer 13

Adding the behavior

Question 14

Negative

Answer 14

Removing behavior

Question 15

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 15

Fixed vs variable

Ratio vs interval

Question 16

Continous reinforcement

Answer 16

Faster to learn

Question 17

Partial reinforcement

Answer 17

More resistant to extinction

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

Slowly introducing simple tasks with the aim to achieve complicated behavior (ex. monkey opening the door)

Question 19

Innate behavior

Answer 19

Fixed (ex. killing), can’t be modified

Question 20

Learned behavior

Answer 20

Can be modified through experience

Question 21

Observational learning

Answer 21

Based on modeling (mirror neurons)

Question 22

Vicarious emotions

Answer 22

Experiencing emotions of others as your own

Question 23

Groupthink

Answer 23

Members tend to think alike and agree for sake of group harmony

Question 24

Group polarization

Answer 24

Attitude of group becomes stronger than attitude of individual members

Question 25

Social facilitation

Answer 25

Performing better when watched

Question 26

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 26

Prediction that becomes true via positive feedback between belief and behavior

Question 27

Conformity

Answer 27

Changes in behaviors to comply with rules and expectations

Question 28

Obedience

Answer 28

Changes in behavior under authority figure (Shock delivering experiment)

Question 29

Deviance

Answer 29

Behavior that violates social expectations

Question 30

Stigma

Answer 30

Behavior that defies social norms

Question 31

Subculture example

Answer 31

Deaf community, Amish