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Rocking MCAT > Need to know > Flashcards

Need to know Flashcards

1
Q

A moderator variable

A

A moderator variable is one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables

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2
Q

A mediator variable

A

A mediator variable is one that explains the relationship between the two other variables

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3
Q

A confounding variable

A

A confounding variable is one which is not typically of interest to the researcher but is an extraneous variable which is related to BOTH the dependent and independent variables.

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4
Q

Cross’s Nigrescence Model

A

In Cross’s Nigrescence Model, African-Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness.

  1. Pre-encounter, African-Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as being more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being more skilled.
  2. Immersion-Emmersion: Someone in this stage would view the majority Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race.
  3. Internalization Stage: integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.
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5
Q

Reconstructive Bias

A

a type of bias related to memory: we may not remember as accurately when under high amounts of stress

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6
Q

Social Desirability

A

a type of bias related to how people respond to research questions.

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7
Q

Selection Bias

A

a type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate. In this case, people who witnessed unethical behavior in medical school may have been more likely to respond to the survey.

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8
Q

Attrition Bias

A

occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study

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9
Q

Distress

A

a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body. It happens when you perceive a situation to be threatening to you some way

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10
Q

Eustress

A

a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating.

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11
Q

Neustress

A

happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn’t actively or directly affect you. For example, news about a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be very stressful, but your body doesn’t perceive that stress as good or bad for you so you aren’t affected.

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12
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory is correlated with what?

A

Arousal

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13
Q

Limbic System

A

regulates emotion and memory

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14
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

involved in humans’ ability to project future consequences of current actions

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15
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

First we experience physiological arousal, then we cognitively interpret the situation, and finally we experience the emotion

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16
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

behavioral and physiological aspects of emotion (like increased heart rate and shouting) lead to cognitive aspects of emotion (like understanding a situation is scary and feeling afraid).

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17
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion occur simultaneously and independently. Annabel’s brain released hormones at the same time that she interpreted the situation as happy and calm. The theory also states that behavioral expression is the last aspect - like when Annabel smiled.

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18
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Theory

A

people tend to perform their best when they’re moderately emotionally stimulated.

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19
Q

Variable-Ratio Reinforcement

A

schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction,

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20
Q

Stroop Effect

A

describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than information that is consonant.

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21
Q

Implicit Bias

A

the attitudes or stereotypes that affect an individual’s understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.

22
Q

Habituation

A

a reduction in response following repeated stimulation

23
Q

Avoidant Avoidant Conflict

A

both options are unappealing

24
Q

Double Approach Avoidance Conflicts

A

consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics

25
Semantic Memory
the type of memory related to facts and information.
26
Prejudice
preconceived opinions or attitudes that are usually negative and not based on any facts or experience. Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is actually acting on that feeling
27
Construct Validity
how the terms are defined
28
Criterion Validity
refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome
29
External Validity
refers to the generalizability of the research to settings beyond this study
30
Schemata
schemata are networks of information that allow certain other kinds of information to be transmitted more easily. If the boy already has a gender schemata that includes certain ideas about masculinity (e.g. rough, physical play) and football more easily fits that schemata, it will lead to the boy developing this attitude about football and masculinity.
31
Law of symetry
The law of symmetry says that we tend to perceive stimuli as grouped symmetrically around a center point.
32
Law of similarity
The law of similarity says that we perceive similar objects as being grouped together
33
Law of proximity
The law of proximity asserts that we tend to perceive objects close to each other in groups, rather than as a large collection of individual pieces.
34
Law of closure
aking an incomplete figure – a smiley face comprised of disconnected pieces-and is perceiving it as a complete whole. This is an example of the law of closure.
35
Internalization
Internalization refers to a situation where the medical student would publicly and privately conform and accept the behavior
36
Identification
Identification refers to a situation where the medical student would conform to a behavior because they like or respect the person who exhibits it.
37
Informational social influence
Informational social influence refers to a situation where a medical student would conform by turning to others in their group for information about what is correct.
38
Binocular vision
Binocular vision refers to the ability to use both eyes to form one cohesive image.
39
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a feeling of intense discomfort that arises when we have two or more contradictory beliefs or when our beliefs and behavior are at odds
40
Socialization
Socialization refers to how individual attitudes are shaped by social factors
41
Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation is motivation to do something based on an external reward (like money or fame).
42
Actor-observer bias
The tendency of an individual to regard situations in which family are involved as caused by an external factor and to regard situations they observe involving others as caused by the actions of those involved
43
Secularization
Occurs when religion loses its influence on people
44
Modernization
Adoption of technology by society
45
False Consciousness
A term used by Marxist to describe a state of mind that prevents a person from recognizing the injustice of their current socioeconomic position in a society
46
Altercasting
Behavior with the goal of projecting an identity onto others you interact with, in order to help achieve your own goals.
47
The dramaturgical approach
Proposes that social individuals are playing different roles depending on the situation, similarly, to the roles one might play in a theater production.
48
Front stage self
The behavior showed when we know that others are watching or aware of us
49
Who developed the theory of cultural capital
Pierre Bourdieu
50
Medicalization
The social process through which experiences or conditions are culturally defined as pathological and treatable medical issues.
51
Social capital
Thomas Sander defines as the collective values of all the people whom a an individual knows in society
52
Power
One's influence on society, i.e. the behaviour they can elicit form others

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