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a levels > psychology > Flashcards

psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the agentic state

A

a state where people don’t take responsibility for their actions as they believe they are following someone’s orders.

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2
Q

why did Milgram want to study obedience

A

the trial of Adolf Eichmann

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3
Q

what is the autonomous state

A

where someone can act or behave based on their own principles and morals and feel responsibility for their actions.

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4
Q

what is the agentic shift

A

the shift from autonomy to agency

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5
Q

what was Milgram’s reasoning for agentic shift

A

a person believes someone else is a figure of authority and they have greater power, this causes the shift.

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6
Q

what are binding factors

A

aspects of the situation that allow a person to ignore or minimise the damaging effects of their behaviour

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7
Q

what do binding factors do to a person

A

they reduce the moral strain that the person feels by shifting the responsibility to the victim and denying the damage that they were doing.

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8
Q

what are some examples of people with authority

A

police, parents, teachers, security guards.

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9
Q

behaviourist approach

A

explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable in terms of learning

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10
Q

classical conditioning (pavlov)

A

learning through association

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11
Q

operant conditioning (skinner)

A

operate on environment, behaviour shaped by consequences.

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12
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward when certain behaviour is performed

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13
Q

negative reinforcement

A

doing something to avoid an unpleasant outcome

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14
Q

strengths of behaviourist approach

A

highly controlled lab settings, other possibles variables removed, cause and effect relationships established, scientific credibility. real world application like token economy systems which is reinforcement to learn.

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15
Q

limitations of behaviourist approach

A

over simplified learning process, doesn’t take into account mental processes, social learning theory and cognitive approach do

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16
Q

ethical issues of skinner box

A

animals housed in harsh conditions and kept below normal weight so they are always hungry. also electrically shocked

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17
Q

social learning theory

A

people learn behaviour by observing others and imitating

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18
Q

SLT and behaviourist

A

agreed with behaviourist that behaviour is learnt from experience but in a different way, through observing and imitating others

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19
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

someone observes the consequences of another person’s actions and then imitates those actions

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20
Q

4 mediational processes

A

attention , retention , motor reproduction , motivation

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21
Q

learning of behaviour and performance of behaviour

A

attention and retention - learning
motor reproduction and motivation - performance

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22
Q

attention

A

notice certain behaviours

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22
Q

retention

A

how well behaviour is remembered

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23
Q

motor reproduction

A

the ability to perform behaviour

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24
Q

motivation

A

the will to perform the behaviour

25
Q

identification and modelling

A

people, mainly children, are more likely to copy behaviour of someone they identify with. imitating a role model is modelling. the person showing the behaviour is also called modelling

26
Q

banduras research study A

A

children watched an adult act aggressively towards a bobo doll, children then play with toys including a bobo doll and they acted more aggressively.

27
Q

banduras study B

A

showed videos where adults acted aggressively towards the bobo doll, one group saw the adult praised, one saw the adult getting told off. first group acted more aggressive than the second

28
Q

strengths of SLT

A

recognises importance of cognitive factors in learning, how humans and animals store info about behaviour of others to make judgements about when it is appropriate to perform certain actions.
real world application. cultural differences and norms.

29
Q

limitations of SLT

A

little reference on biological factors. recent research suggests observational learning may be the result of mirror neurons in the brain, allow us to empathise with and imitate other people

30
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

person’s behaviour both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

31
Q

the cognitive approach

A

studies mental processes, such as attention, memory, perception, and decision-making, to understand how they affect behaviour and emotions

32
Q

cognitive approach and behaviourist

A

internal mental processes should be studied, opposite to behaviourist approach.

33
Q

schemas

A

cognitive frameworks that help people interpret new situations based on their past experiences. schemas become more developed and accurate as we get older due to new experiences

34
Q

theoretical models

A

information goes through your brain into different stages

35
Q

computer model

A

comparing the brain to a computer

36
Q

strengths of cognitive approach

A

highly controlled methods of study in lab, cognitive neuroscience enabled 2 fields of biology and cognitive psychology to come together, enhance scientific basis of study , enabled study of brain to become more scientific. real life application, AI and treatment of depression

37
Q

limitations of cognitive approach

A

too abstract and theoretical in nature, relies on inference of mental processes,no direct observation of behaviour,

38
Q

origins of psychology

A

Wilhelm wundt, first lab for studying mind, Germany(1879)

39
Q

behaviourist

A

behaviour learnt from environment

40
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association, pavlov dog

41
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning through consequences, reinforcement makes it more likely behaviour is repeated. Punishment makes it less likely behaviour is repeated.(BF skinner box)

42
Q

strengths of behaviourism

A

well controlled research, lab setting. all stimuli removed. applied to real life problems

43
Q

limitations of behaviourism

A

oversimplified learning process, ignoring human thoughts. ignores influence of free will on behaviour

44
Q

ethical problems with skinner box

A

rats left underfed so constantly hungry, rats have not consented to being tested on

45
Q

biological approach

A

influence of genes and biological structures on behaviour, genetic bases of behaviour.

46
Q

twin studies

A

study twins to see if psychological characteristics have agenetic base

47
Q

concordance rates

A

extent to which twins share the same characteristics

48
Q

neurochemistry

A

chemicals in the brain, can lead to psychological disorders. lots of dopamine and less serotonin can lead to schizophrenia

49
Q

strengths of biological approach

A

real life application. drugs made due to biological approach, depression treated with antidepressants that increase amount of serotonin in the synapses. uses scientific methods, FMRI scans and EEGs so are based on objective data

50
Q

limitations of biological approach

A

antidepressants dont work for everyone, brain chemistry may not account for all cases of, depression. determinist, we have no choice its all up to our genetics. we know phenotype is influenced by the environment

51
Q

nervous system

A

specialised network cells, communication system, collects, processes and responds to information

52
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spine. connects nerves to PNS

53
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

transmits messages through millions of neurons. automatic and somatic nervous system

54
Q

endocrine and autonomic system

A

hypothalamus activates the sympathetic branch of ANS. changes from parasympathetic to sympathetic (resting state to awake). adrenaline triggers physiological changes in the body, happens automatically after a threat detected.

55
Q

parasympathetic

A

decreases breathing, stimulates digestion, relaxes rectum

56
Q

asches study

A

cards with lines

56
Q

sympathetic

A

increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits saliva production

57
Q
A
57
Q
A

a levels (2 decks)

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