biology Flashcards
what are glucose two isomers
alpha glucose and beta glucose
what is an isomer
molecules with the same molecular formula as each other but the atoms are connected to each other in a different way.
what is hydrolysis reaction
breaking chemical bonds of large molecules to smaller components by using water
amylose structure
long unbranched chain of alpha glucose. coil structure, compact and easy to store and fit into small spaces.
amylopectin structure
long branched chain of alpha glucose. side branches allow enzymes to get to the glycosidic bonds, glucose released quickly.
starch adaptations
starch is insoluble in water and doesn’t affect water potential because it doesn’t cause water to enter the cell by osmosis, which would make it swell.
cellulose structure.
made up of long , unbranched chains of beta glucose. when b glucose molecules bond they form straight cellulose chains. linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibers.
glycogen structure
long very branched chain., compact so good for storage.
what is a triglyceride made up of
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
how is a triglyceride formed.
a condensation reaction which is the removal of water.
reducing sugar
a sugar that can give electrons to other substances to reduce them, getting oxidised.
non reducing sugars
no free aldehyde so it cant act as a reducing agent
what are the 20 amino acids
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine
what are amino acids made up of
amino group, r group(side chains, variable), carboxylic group
what are phospholipids made up of
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group.
phosphate head
hydrophilic and polar
2 fatty acid tails
non polar, hydrophilic so face inwards.
R group
gives each amino acids its chemical properties
4 levels of protein formation
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
primary
order of amino acids, combinations and numbers, pleated sheets.
secondary
helix structure, can form because of hydrogen bonding’s.
tertiary
folds, twists and overlaps. now a protein
quaternary
proteins interacting, two or more chains .
induced model
active site changes shape as substrate binds. this distorts bond leading to a reaction to lower activation energy. some proteins change their shape (conformation)
specific enzymes
eg. maltose is hydrolysed by maltase
limiting factors of enzyme action
enzyme conc, substrate conc, temp, pH, conc of inhibitors.
substrate conc
fast reaction but if it reaches a high saturation point of substrates, reaction rate slows down as too many substrates for the enzymes.
pH
extreme pH levels- denaturation. active site distorted. change in ionisation will affect binding of the substrate to the active site
pepsin
stomach enzyme to digest protein-acidic
temperature
at high temp, enzymes denature. optimum temp for enzyme action will be a balance between Q10 and denaturation.
trypsin
small intestine , aids with protein digestion . alkaline
Q10
the increase in reaction rate with a 10 C rise in temp.
reversible inhibitors
can be washed by dialysis
non reversible inhibitors
can not be reversed or taken out
competitive
compete with substrate to bind with the active site, resembles substrate shape, action proportional to conc. takes free enzymes, so substrate can bind, rate decreases
non competitive
bind to allosteric site, changing the shape of tertiary structure. active site changes shape, substrate cant bind, rate decreases.(usually reversible)
chelation
type of bonding of ions and their molecules to metal ions. it is used as treatment for lead and mercury posioning.
applications of inhibitors
negative feedback, poisons,
inhibitors control ofmetabolic pathway
by regulating the activity of enzymes in response to the concentration of products within a pathway. In negative feedback, the end product of a metabolic pathway can inhibit an earlier step in the pathway
DNA function
hold genetic information
RNA function
transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
ribosomes function
receive and read info sent to them
DNA RNA
polymers of nucleotides
DNA 4 organic bases
adenine thymine
cytosine guanine
RNA 4 organic bases
adenine uracil
cytosine guanine
RNA structure
1 nucleotide chain
DNA structure
2 poly nucleotide chains, help by H bonds
what is a nucleotide made up of
phosphate , penrose sugar, nitrogen base
purine bases
adenine and guanine
pyramedine bases
cytosine thymine and uracil
DNA adaptations
stable. 2 strands can separate so it can self replicate . base pairing prevent corruption . large molecule , lots of into stored
DNA replication
during the S stage in the cell cycle . during interphase of mitosis and meiosis. this is so when the cell divides the daughter cells will contain the correct amount of genetic material
semi conservative method of replication
original DNA unwound. split by enzyme. each strand acts as a template for synthesis of a new complimentary strand
semi conservative replication forming ..
two new molecules , each DNA molecule consists of one parent strand and a new strand
genes
instructions that call for proteins
functions of water
takes a lot of heat energy to increase temp of liquid water by 1C , this is because hydrogen bonds are broken
functions of water
takes a lot of heat energy to increase temp of liquid water by 1C , this is because hydrogen bonds are broken
high SHC
gives thermal stability
high latent heat of evaporation
takes a lot of energy to break hydrogen bonds.
water
can act like a coolant.
water in liquid form is more dense than in solid form. when freezing occurs, water molecules have to spread out, this causes a crystal / lattice structure which traps air in.
water
can act like a coolant.
water in liquid form is more dense than in solid form. when freezing occurs, water molecules have to spread out, this causes a crystal / lattice structure which traps air in.
ice
floats on the top of water creating an insulating layer
solvent
ions soluble in water as they are charged and water is polar
solvent
electrostatic attraction between ions and water molecules forming hydrogen bonds
anabolic
need energy to assemble small molecules
