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Bio and psych > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gull

A
  • earliest theories that the behavior, intellect and personality may be linked to the brain anatomy
  • phrenology: if a trait was developed, spot of the brain would expand
  • believed expansion of knowledge would cause bulges in the head
  • measure psychological attributes by feeling/measuring skull
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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A
  • studies functions of the major brain sections
  • extirpation/ablation
    extirpation: parts of brain removed, behavior observed
  • certain parts of the brain = specific functions
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3
Q

William James

A
  • father of american psychology
  • studied how mind adapts to the environment
  • functionalism: mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments
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4
Q

John Dewey

A
  • functionalism
  • criticized reflex arc (breaking process of reacting to a stimulus into discrete parts)
  • believed psychology should focus on study of organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to environment
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5
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • examined behavior deficits of people with brain damage
  • 1st to show specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions
  • studied man who could not speak, disability due to lesion in specific area of the left side of mans brain (Broca’s area)
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6
Q

Hermonn Von Helmholtz

A
  • measured speed of nerve impulse
  • related to reaction time (link between behavior and nervous system activity
  • began to make psychology quantifiable
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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A
  • inferred existence of synapses
  • thought synaptic transmission was electrical, but it is actually chemical
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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

(afferent neurons)
trasmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain

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9
Q

motor neurons

A

(efferent neurons)
transmit motor information from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

found between other neurons, most numerous of the three
located in brain and spinal cord, linked to reflexes

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11
Q

Reflex arcs

A

control reflexive behavior… formed by interneurons
ex: stepping on a nail, interneurons cause you to react before info reaches the brain

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12
Q

Central Nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerve tissue and fibers outside brain and spinal cord (includes spinal nerves and cranial nerves)

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14
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves emanating from the spinal cord

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15
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves emanating directly from brain

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons through skin , joints, muscles

Afferent neurons Ascend in the cord towards brain, Efferent neurons Exit the cord to rest of body

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17
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • regulated heartbeat, respiration, digestion and glandular secretions
  • manages involuntary muscles
  • regulates body temp
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18
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- two antagonistic systems

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19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system main role

A
  • conserve energy
    (resting, sleeping, reduce heart rate, constrict bronchi)
  • manage digestion (increase peristalsis and exocrine secretions)
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20
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses in the body?

A
  • acetylcholine
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21
Q

Specific functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. constricts pupils
  2. stimulates flow of saliva
  3. constricts bronchi
  4. slows heartbeat
  5. stimulates peristalsis and secretion
  6. stimulates bile release
  7. contracts bladder
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22
Q

How is the sympathetic nervous system activated?

A

Stress!
(school, emergencies, life/death situations)
“fight or flight”

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23
Q

Specific functions of activated sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • dilates pupiles
  • inhibits salivation
  • relaxes bronchi
  • accelerates heartbeat
  • stimulates sweating or piloerection
  • inhibits peristalsis and secretion
  • stimulates glucose production and release
  • secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • inhibits bladder contraction
  • stimulates orgasm
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24
Q

Meninges

A

thick, three-layered sheath of connective tissue covering brain

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25
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

outer: dura mater - connected to skull
middle: arachnoid mater
inner: pia mater, directly connected to brain

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26
Q

Role of meninges?

A
  • keep brain anchored in skull
  • resorb cerebrospinal fluid
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27
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • aqueous solution that nourishes brain and spinal cord, provides protective cushion
  • produced by special cells lining the ventricles (internal cavities) of brain
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28
Q

What are the three main parts of brain?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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29
Q

Subdivisions of the hindbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • reticular formation
  • pons
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30
Q

Subdivisions of midbrain?

A
  • inferior and superior colliculi
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31
Q

Subdivisions of Forebrain

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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32
Q

Brainstem

A

midbrain + hindbrain

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33
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotion and memory
(aggression, fear, pleasure, pain)

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34
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer covering of hemispheres
- language processing, problem solving, impulse control to long-term planning

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35
Q

Basal ganglia

A

movement

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36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

hunger and thirst, emotion

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37
Q

Inferior and super colliculi

A

sensorimotor reflexes

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38
Q

cerebellum

A

refined motor movements

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39
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

heart, vital reflexes (vomiting and coughing)

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40
Q

Reticular formation

A

arousal and alertness

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41
Q

Pons

A

communication within brain, breathing

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42
Q

Hindbrain controls?

A

Balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, arousal processes such as sleeping/waking
(vital functions)

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43
Q

Midbrain controls?

A
  • receives sensory information from rest of body
  • involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli
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44
Q

What are the two prominant nuclei in the midbrain?

A

Superior and inferior colliculus
Superior: receives visual sensory input
Inferior: auditory sensory input

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45
Q

Forebrain controls?

A
  • complex perceptural, cognitive and behavioral processes
  • emotion and memory
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46
Q

Describe the parts of embryonic brain development

A
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain) forms the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) and metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • prosencephalon (forebrain) forms the telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland)
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47
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study of functions and behaviorsassociated with specific regions of the brain

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48
Q

Cortical maps

A

electrical stimulation in the brain

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49
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

(EEG)
image of the brain that allows electrical activity to be detected and recorded
- research sleep, seizures brain legions

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50
Q

Regional cerebral blood flow

A

(rCBF)
- detected broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to certain parts of brain

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51
Q

What are a few common scanning devices and methods of visualization used for brain imaging?

A
  • CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY)
  • PET (POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY)
  • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
  • fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
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52
Q

Thalamus

A
  • important relay station for incoming sensory information, all senses except smell
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53
Q

What are the subdivisions of the hypothalamus

A
  • lateral hypothalamus
  • ventromedial hypothalamus
  • anterior hypothalamus
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54
Q

What kinds of processes does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • endocrine functions and autonomic nervous system
  • homeostatic functions, regulate metabolism, temperature and water balance
  • hunger, thirst, sexual behavior
    (Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, sexual Function)
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55
Q

How does the hypothalamus control water balance?

A
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus trigger release of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) to increase water reabsorption
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56
Q

Describe the lateral hypothalamus

A
  • referred to as the hunger center
  • LH triggers eating/ drinking
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57
Q

Describe the ventromedial hypothalamus

A
  • “satiety center”, provides signals to stop eating
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58
Q

Describe the anterior hypothalamus

A

controls sexual behavior, sleep, temperature

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59
Q

What are the divisions of the diencephalon

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • connecting pathways to other brain regions
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60
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
  • where vasopressin is released (ADH)
  • where oxytocin is released
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61
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • secretes melatonin, receives direct signals from retina for sunlight coordination
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62
Q

How does the basal ganglia relay information to the brain from the cortex?

A
  • via extrapyramidal motor system
63
Q

Describe the extrapyramidal motor system

A
  • gathers info about body position and carries to CNS, not directly through motor neurons
64
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

degredation of basal ganglia
- jerky movement- tremors

65
Q

What components make up limbic system?

A
  • septal nuclei
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • anterior cingulate cortex
66
Q

Describe the septal nuclei

A

primary pleasure center

67
Q

Describe amygdala

A
  • defense and aggressive behavior
68
Q

Describe hippocampus

A
  • learning and memory processes… long term memory
  • communicates with other portions through the fornix
69
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • not being able to establish new long-term memory, memory before injury remain
70
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A
  • memory loss of events before brain injury
71
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A
  • higher order cognitive processes (frontal and parietal lobe connection)
  • connected to limbic system
72
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • sometimes called neocortex
73
Q

What are the bumps and folds in the cerebral cortex called? what is their purpose?

A
  • gyri and sulci
  • increase surface area
74
Q

What are the two halves of the cerebrum?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
75
Q

What are the four lobes of the cortex?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
    (F-POT)
76
Q

What are the two regions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • motor cortex
77
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • manages executive function
  • regulates attention and alertness
  • communicates with reticular formation in brainstem (arousal)
78
Q

Association area

A
  • area that integrates input from diverse regions of the brain
79
Q

Projection areas

A
  • redimentary perceptual and motor tasks
    ex: primary motor cortex
80
Q

primary motor cortex

A
  • located on precentral gyrus in front of central sulcus, divides frontal and parietal
  • initiate voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord to muscles
81
Q

What is the projection area located on the parietal lobe?

A
  • somatosensory cortex
  • destination for sensory signals such as touch, pressure, temp and pain
82
Q

What region does the occipital lobe contain?

A
  • visual cortex (striate cortex)
    -responsible for a lot of visual processing
83
Q

What are the two areas located on the temporal lobe?

A
  • auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
84
Q

Auditory cortex

A
  • sound processing, speech music
85
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • language reception, comprehension
86
Q

Colateral communication

A

one side of brain communicates with opposite side of body
ex: left side of brain activates movements on the rise side of the bosy

87
Q

Ipsilateral communication

A
  • one side of brain communicates with same side of body
    ex: hearing
88
Q

Dominant hemispheres?

A

dominant: heavily stimulated during language reception and production
- usually on left
-analytic in function, manage details
brocas and wernickes area

89
Q

Non dominant hemispheres

A
  • usually the right
  • intuition, creativity, music cognition and spatial processing
  • less prominant role in language
  • emotional tone, helps us to detect mood,
90
Q

Acetylcholine function

A
  • used to transmit nerve impulses to the muscles
  • neurotransmitter used by parasympathetic nervous system and small portion of sympathetic
  • linked to attention and arousal
  • loss of cholinergenic neruons = alzheimers
91
Q

catecholamines

A

epinepherine
norepinepherine
dopamine
(monoamines, biogenic amines due to being closely related)

92
Q

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A
  • delusions, hallucinations agitation due to too much dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine
93
Q

Parkinsons is a result of….

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia

94
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobuyric acid produces inhibitpry postsynaptic potentials… stabilizes neural activity in the brain

95
Q

glycine

A
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS by increasing chloride influx into neuron
96
Q

glutamate

A
  • neurotransmitter in CNS
  • excitatory neurotransmitter
97
Q

Endorphins

A

natural painkillers

98
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Directly connects the hypothalamus and pituitary glans

99
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

releases hormones that regulate activities of the endocrine glands

100
Q

Adrenal glands divided into

A

adrenall medulla and adrenal cortex

101
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of sympathetic nervous system

102
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • produces hormones called corticosteroids, including stress hormone cortisol
  • produces testosterone and estrogen
103
Q

Innate behavior

A
  • genetically programmed as a result of eovlution
104
Q

Learned behavior

A
  • experience and environment
105
Q

Adaptive value

A
  • extent to which trait or behavior benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species
106
Q

Sclera

A

thick structural layer, white of the eye

107
Q

Choroidal vessels

A

blood vessels between sclera and retina

108
Q

What are the two blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye?

A

choroidal vessel
retinal vessels

109
Q

Retina

A

contains photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information the brain can process

110
Q

cornea

A

where light passes first

111
Q

how is the front of the eye split up?

A

anterior and posterior chamber

112
Q

What muscle compose the iris?

A
  • dilator pupillae (opens pupil)
  • constrictor pupillae (constricts pupil)
113
Q

choroid

A
  • continuous with iris, provides nourishment to retina
114
Q

ciliary body

A
  • continuous with iris
  • produces aqueous humor, which covers front of eye, drains into canal of schlemm
115
Q

lens

A
  • lies behind iris and helps control refraction of incoming light
116
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

changes shape of the lens to focus on an image in the distance (accommodation)

117
Q

vitreous humor

A
  • transparent gel to support retina
118
Q

retina

A

back of the eye, screen consisting of neural elements and blood vessels
- convert photons of light into electrical signals

119
Q

duplicity theory of vision

A
  • 2 kinds of photoreceptors:
  • those specialized for light-and-dark
  • those specialized for color detection
120
Q

cones

A
  • color vision and sense fine details
  • effective in bright light and come in 3 forms: short, medium and long
121
Q

rods

A
  • highly sensitive to photons
  • contain rhodopsin
122
Q

macula

A

central section of the retina
high concentration of cones

123
Q

fovea

A

centermost section of macula, contains only cones

124
Q

bipolar cells

A

highlight gradients between adjacent rods or cones

125
Q

ganglion cells

A

synapse with bipolar cells

126
Q

Optic nerve

A

formed by synapsing of bipolar and ganglion cells

127
Q

Amacrine and horizontal cells

A

receive input from mupltiple retinal cells in the same area before the information is passed on to the ganlion cells

128
Q

visual pathways

A
  • anatomical connections between eyes and brain
129
Q

optic chiasm

A
  • where the fibers from the nasal hald of each retina cross paths
130
Q

optic tracts

A
  • reorganized visual pathways
131
Q

Lateral Geniculate nucleus

A
  • (LGN)
  • in thalamus
  • synapse with nerves that pass through radiations in the temporal and parietal lobes to the visual cortex in occipital lobe
132
Q

What role does the superior colliculus play in the visual pathway:

A
  • some nerve fibers travel here from the LGN to control some reflexive responses to visual stimuli
133
Q

Parallel processing

A
  • brains ability to analyze information regarding color, form, motion and depth
134
Q

parvocellular cells

A

high color spatial resolution
- detect fine details

135
Q

temporal resolution

A
  • to detect fast movement
136
Q

magnocellular cells

A
  • detect motion
  • high temporal resultion
  • low spatial resolution
137
Q

binocular neurons

A
  • compare the inputs to each hemisphere and detect differences
138
Q

feature detectors

A

specialized cells that associate patterns of stimuli with expected behaviors

139
Q

Somatosensation

A

having four modalities: pressure, vibration, pain and temperature

140
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure and vibration

141
Q

meissner corpuscles

A

respond to light touch

142
Q

merkel cells (discs)

A

deep pressure, texture

143
Q

ruffini endings

A

respond to stretch

144
Q

free nerve endings

A

respond to pain and temperature

145
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

the receiver of somatosensations

146
Q

Bottom up (data-driven) processing

A

object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection.
( forming an image before determining what the object is)

147
Q

Top-down (conceptually driven) processing

A

memories and expectations to recognize the whole object

148
Q

perceptual organization

A

ability to create a complete picture or idea by combining top-down and bottom-up processing

149
Q

monocular cues

A
  • only require one eye and include:
  • size
  • linear perspective
  • motion parallax
150
Q

relative size

A
  • objects appear larger the closer they are
151
Q

interposition

A
  • overlapping objects, one in front is closer
152
Q

linear perspective

A
  • convergence of parallel lines
153
Q

motion parallax

A
  • objects closer to us move faster when we change our field of vision

Bio and psych (3 decks)

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