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Bio and psych > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • releases/synthesizes corticosteroids
    ex: glucocorticoids (stimulated by ACTH), mineralocorticoids(stimulated by angiotensin II), androgen, testosterone
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2
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

-synthesized and released in anterior pituitary
- regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
- stimulated adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids

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3
Q

Action potential

A
  • sharp change in the membrane potential on a neuron or muscle cell
  • caused by a change in selective permeability to Na+ and K+ ions
  • gated ion channels
  • all or nothing eventA
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4
Q

Acrosome

A

-large vesicle at the head of a sperm
- contains enzymes to break down the ovum cell membrane to allow for fertilization

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5
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

-synthesizes and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
- causes an increase in metabolic rate and blood glucose

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6
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • form of immunity in response to exposure to pathogens
  • consists of humoral and cytotoxic immunity
  • compare with : INNATE immunity
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7
Q

Afferent neurons

A
  • carry information from the periphery to the central nervous system
  • aka sensory neurons
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8
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • steroid hormone
  • produced in the adrenal cortex
  • reabsorption of Na+ and water
  • excretion of K+ and H+ ions
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9
Q

Allantois

A
  • embryonic membrane
  • contains embryo waste products
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10
Q

Alleles

A
  • genes coding for different forms of a given trait
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11
Q

Amino acid - derivative hormones

A
  • synthesized by changing amino acids
  • some act as second messengers while others act similar to steroid hormones
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12
Q

Amnion

A
  • innermost extraembryonic membrane
  • produces amniotic fluid
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13
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

-synthesizes vital hormones such as:
–andrenocorticotropic
–follicle stimulating
– lutenizing
– thyroid
– prolactin
– endorphins
– growth hormones

  • under control of the hypothalamus
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14
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • peptide hormone also known as VASOPRESSIN
  • acts on the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption
  • produced by the hypothalamus
  • stored in posterior pituitary
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15
Q

Antigen

A
  • bound by an antibody, causing an immune reaction
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16
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • pelvis
  • pectoral girdles
    -limbs
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17
Q

Archenteron

A
  • central cavity in the gastrula stage of embryonic development
  • lined by endoderm
  • gives rise to adult digestive tract
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18
Q

Arteries

A

-vessels that carry blood away from heart
- muscular, no valves

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19
Q

Ascending loop of henle

A
  • portion of nephron NOT permeable to water
  • filtrate flows up through decreases concentration in interstitium
  • NaCl passively then actively removed from filtrate, decreasing filtrate concentration
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20
Q

Atria

A
  • two thin-walled upper chambers of heart
  • right atrium: deoxygenated blood from venae cavae
  • left atrium : oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
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21
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • valves located between the atria and ventricles (tricuspid and mitral valves)
22
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • ribcage
    -hyoid bone
23
Q

Axon hillock

A
  • portion of neuron connect cell body (soma) to axon
  • impulses neuron receives from dendrites are summed at the hillock
  • determines if AP will occur
24
Q

Bacteriophages

A
  • viruses that can only infect bacteria
25
Q

Bile

A

-alkaline fluid synthesized in the liver
- stored in gall bladder
- released into duodenum
- aids in emulsification/digestion/absorption of fats

26
Q

Binary fission

A

-asexual reproduction
- prokaryotes
- circular DNA replicates the moves to edge of cell,
- cell divides into two daughter cells

27
Q

Blastulation

A
  • morula develops into a blastula
  • fluid filled cavity called blastocoel
28
Q

Blood antigens

A
  • proteins or sugars found on the erythrocyte cell surface
  • antigens to differentiate blood groups : A, B, Rh
  • if host is transfused with erythrocytes containing antigens that host does not have:
    — immune response + hemolysis
29
Q

Blood buffer system

A
  • relies on carbonic acid buffer system
  • CO2 + H2O (interchange) H2CO3 (interchange) H + HCO-3
  • release of carbon dioxide causes increased formation of water… increase in pH (basic)
  • increased retention of HCO3- causes pH to rise as well
30
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

-enzyme
-catalyzes conversion of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide and water
- formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and water
- important in bicarbonate buffer system

31
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • muscle found within heart
  • one or two nuclei
  • involuntary like smooth
    -appears striated like skeletal
  • can depolarize independent of the nervous system
32
Q

Cartilage

A
  • firm, elastic translucent connective tissue
  • consists of collagenous fibers embedded in chondrin
  • produced by cells called chondrocytes
  • principal component of embryonic skeletons
    -can harden and calcify into bone (ossify)
33
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • norepinepherine, epinephrine, and dopamine neurotransmitters
  • hormones produced by adrenal medulla that play a significant role in sympathetic nervous system
34
Q

Cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity

A
  • branch of immune system in which intracellular pathogens are eliminated by killing host cells
  • T cells are primary mediators of cytotoxic immunity
35
Q

Cell theory

A
  • foundational belief in modern biology
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • cells are the basic functional unit of life
  • all cells arise from preexisting cells
  • DNA is genetic material
36
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • brain and spinal cord
37
Q

centrosome

A
  • portion of cell containing centrioles
38
Q

Chemical digestion

A
  • enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules
39
Q

Cholecystokinin

A
  • hormone secreted by duodenum in response to presence of chyme
  • CCK stimulates release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into small intenstine
  • promotes satiety
40
Q

Chorion

A

outermost extraembryonic membrane
- contributes to formation of placenta

41
Q

Chromatin

A
  • chromosomes in uncoiled state
  • chromatin itself is not visible as organized chromosomes under a light microscope
42
Q

Chyme

A
  • combination of partially digested food and acid that forms in stomach
43
Q

Codominance

A
  • organism heterozygous for a trait will have phenotype that expresses both alleles in full
  • both alleles are dominant
44
Q

Collecting duct

A
  • portion of nephron permeable to water and ions
  • filtrate flows down collecting duct through increaseing concentration of interstitium, filtrate is concentrated
  • degree of water reabsorption in collecting duct controlled by hormone ADH
45
Q

Compact bone

A
  • more dense than spongy bone
  • consists of haversian system (osteons)
46
Q

Conjugation

A
  • temporary joining of two organisms vis a pilus
  • genetic material is exchanged
  • form of sexual reproduction used by bacteria
47
Q

Corona Radiata

A
  • outer layer of cells surrounding oocyte
  • derived from follicular cells
48
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • tissue that forms from collapsed ovarian follicle
  • produces and secretes progesterone and estrogen
49
Q

Crossing over

A

-exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
- prophase I of meiosis
- aids in evolution and genetic diversity by unlinking linked genes

50
Q

depolarization

A
  • voltage gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to rush into the cell
51
Q

Dermis

A

layer of skin beneath the epidermis that is subdivided into papillary layer and reticular layer
- contains sweat glands, sense organs , blood vessels and bulbs of hair follicles
- derived from mesoderm

52
Q

Descending loop of Henle

A

-

Bio and psych (3 decks)

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