Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Adrenal cortex
A
- releases/synthesizes corticosteroids
ex: glucocorticoids (stimulated by ACTH), mineralocorticoids(stimulated by angiotensin II), androgen, testosterone
2
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
A
-synthesized and released in anterior pituitary
- regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
- stimulated adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids
3
Q
Action potential
A
- sharp change in the membrane potential on a neuron or muscle cell
- caused by a change in selective permeability to Na+ and K+ ions
- gated ion channels
- all or nothing eventA
4
Q
Acrosome
A
-large vesicle at the head of a sperm
- contains enzymes to break down the ovum cell membrane to allow for fertilization
5
Q
Adrenal Medulla
A
-synthesizes and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
- causes an increase in metabolic rate and blood glucose
6
Q
Adaptive Immunity
A
- form of immunity in response to exposure to pathogens
- consists of humoral and cytotoxic immunity
- compare with : INNATE immunity
7
Q
Afferent neurons
A
- carry information from the periphery to the central nervous system
- aka sensory neurons
8
Q
Aldosterone
A
- steroid hormone
- produced in the adrenal cortex
- reabsorption of Na+ and water
- excretion of K+ and H+ ions
9
Q
Allantois
A
- embryonic membrane
- contains embryo waste products
10
Q
Alleles
A
- genes coding for different forms of a given trait
11
Q
Amino acid - derivative hormones
A
- synthesized by changing amino acids
- some act as second messengers while others act similar to steroid hormones
12
Q
Amnion
A
- innermost extraembryonic membrane
- produces amniotic fluid
13
Q
Anterior pituitary
A
-synthesizes vital hormones such as:
–andrenocorticotropic
–follicle stimulating
– lutenizing
– thyroid
– prolactin
– endorphins
– growth hormones
- under control of the hypothalamus
14
Q
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
- peptide hormone also known as VASOPRESSIN
- acts on the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption
- produced by the hypothalamus
- stored in posterior pituitary
15
Q
Antigen
A
- bound by an antibody, causing an immune reaction
16
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
- pelvis
- pectoral girdles
-limbs
17
Q
Archenteron
A
- central cavity in the gastrula stage of embryonic development
- lined by endoderm
- gives rise to adult digestive tract
18
Q
Arteries
A
-vessels that carry blood away from heart
- muscular, no valves
19
Q
Ascending loop of henle
A
- portion of nephron NOT permeable to water
- filtrate flows up through decreases concentration in interstitium
- NaCl passively then actively removed from filtrate, decreasing filtrate concentration
20
Q
Atria
A
- two thin-walled upper chambers of heart
- right atrium: deoxygenated blood from venae cavae
- left atrium : oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
21
Q
Atrioventricular valves
A
- valves located between the atria and ventricles (tricuspid and mitral valves)
22
Q
Axial skeleton
A
- skull
- vertebral column
- ribcage
-hyoid bone
23
Q
Axon hillock
A
- portion of neuron connect cell body (soma) to axon
- impulses neuron receives from dendrites are summed at the hillock
- determines if AP will occur
24
Q
Bacteriophages
A
- viruses that can only infect bacteria
25
Bile
-alkaline fluid synthesized in the liver
- stored in gall bladder
- released into duodenum
- aids in emulsification/digestion/absorption of fats
26
Binary fission
-asexual reproduction
- prokaryotes
- circular DNA replicates the moves to edge of cell,
- cell divides into two daughter cells
27
Blastulation
- morula develops into a blastula
- fluid filled cavity called blastocoel
28
Blood antigens
- proteins or sugars found on the erythrocyte cell surface
- antigens to differentiate blood groups : A, B, Rh
- if host is transfused with erythrocytes containing antigens that host does not have:
--- immune response + hemolysis
29
Blood buffer system
- relies on carbonic acid buffer system
- CO2 + H2O (interchange) H2CO3 (interchange) H + HCO-3
- release of carbon dioxide causes increased formation of water... increase in pH (basic)
- increased retention of HCO3- causes pH to rise as well
30
Carbonic anhydrase
-enzyme
-catalyzes conversion of carbonic acid to carbon dioxide and water
- formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and water
- important in bicarbonate buffer system
31
Cardiac muscle
- muscle found within heart
- one or two nuclei
- involuntary like smooth
-appears striated like skeletal
- can depolarize independent of the nervous system
32
Cartilage
- firm, elastic translucent connective tissue
- consists of collagenous fibers embedded in chondrin
- produced by cells called chondrocytes
- principal component of embryonic skeletons
-can harden and calcify into bone (ossify)
33
Catecholamines
- norepinepherine, epinephrine, and dopamine neurotransmitters
- hormones produced by adrenal medulla that play a significant role in sympathetic nervous system
34
Cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity
- branch of immune system in which intracellular pathogens are eliminated by killing host cells
- T cells are primary mediators of cytotoxic immunity
35
Cell theory
- foundational belief in modern biology
- all living things are composed of cells
- cells are the basic functional unit of life
- all cells arise from preexisting cells
- DNA is genetic material
36
Central nervous system (CNS)
- brain and spinal cord
37
centrosome
- portion of cell containing centrioles
38
Chemical digestion
- enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules
39
Cholecystokinin
- hormone secreted by duodenum in response to presence of chyme
- CCK stimulates release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into small intenstine
- promotes satiety
40
Chorion
outermost extraembryonic membrane
- contributes to formation of placenta
41
Chromatin
- chromosomes in uncoiled state
- chromatin itself is not visible as organized chromosomes under a light microscope
42
Chyme
- combination of partially digested food and acid that forms in stomach
43
Codominance
- organism heterozygous for a trait will have phenotype that expresses both alleles in full
- both alleles are dominant
44
Collecting duct
- portion of nephron permeable to water and ions
- filtrate flows down collecting duct through increaseing concentration of interstitium, filtrate is concentrated
- degree of water reabsorption in collecting duct controlled by hormone ADH
45
Compact bone
- more dense than spongy bone
- consists of haversian system (osteons)
46
Conjugation
- temporary joining of two organisms vis a pilus
- genetic material is exchanged
- form of sexual reproduction used by bacteria
47
Corona Radiata
- outer layer of cells surrounding oocyte
- derived from follicular cells
48
corpus luteum
- tissue that forms from collapsed ovarian follicle
- produces and secretes progesterone and estrogen
49
Crossing over
-exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
- prophase I of meiosis
- aids in evolution and genetic diversity by unlinking linked genes
50
depolarization
- voltage gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to rush into the cell
51
Dermis
layer of skin beneath the epidermis that is subdivided into papillary layer and reticular layer
- contains sweat glands, sense organs , blood vessels and bulbs of hair follicles
- derived from mesoderm
52
Descending loop of Henle
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