Psychological Therapies Flashcards
Give examples of affective/anxiety disorders.
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Panic Disorder and Phobic Anxiety Disorders
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Give examples of substance misuse disorders
Use of:
- Alcohol
- Tobacco
- Opioids/benzos/stimulants
Give an example of a disorder of reaction to stress.
Post traumatic stress disorder PTSD
What does CBT involve?
- Looking at how our thoughts relate to our feelings and behaviour
- Therapist helps client to identify their thoughts, feelings and behaviours and assess if they are unrealistic or unhelpful
- Identify what can be changed
- Client engages in homework which challenges the unrealistic/unhelpful thoughts
What are the general features of CBT?
- Focuses on the here and now
- Short-term
- Problem focussed, goal orientated
- Can be done individual, with a group, via a book or a computer
What conditions is CBT effective in the treatment of?
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Phobias
- OCT
- PTSD
What types of thoughts/behaviours can CBT be used to combat?
- Automatic negative thoughts
- Unrealistic beliefs
- Cognitive distortions
- Catastrophizing
- Black and white / all or nothing thinking
- Perfectionism
What is the theory and rationale of behavioural activation?
- Focuses on avoided activities as a guide for activity scheduling and for a functional analysis of cognitive processes that involve avoidance
- Focus on what predicts and maintains an unhelpful reponse by various reinforcers
- Client taught to analyse unintended consequences of their way of responding
What types of avoidance behaviour may be identified in depression?
- Social withdrawal
- Non-social withdrawal
- Cognitive avoidance
- Avoidance by distraction
- Emotional avoidance
What social avoidance may someone with depression exhibit?
- Not answering the telephone
- Avoiding friends
What non-social avoidance may someone with depression exhibit?
- Not taking on challenging tasks
- Sitting around the house
- Spending excessive time in bed
What cognitive avoidance may someone with depression exhibit?
- Not thinking about relationship problems
- Not making decisions about the future
- Not taking opportunities
- Not being serious about work/studies
What avoidance by distraction may someone with depression exhibit?
- Watching rubbish on television
- Playing computer games
- Gambling
- Comfort eating
- Excessive-exercise
What emotional avoidance may someone with depression exhibit?
Use of alcohol and other substances
What are the features of the process of behavioural activation?
- Collaborative, empathic and non-judgemental
- Structured agenda to review progress
- Small changes to build to long term goals
What are the features of interpersonal psychotherapy?
- It is a treatment for depression and anxiety
- Time limited (12-16 weeks)
- Focuses on the present
What pattern does depression usually follow?
Often follows a disturbing change in or contingent with a significant interpersonal event i.e. bereavement, dispute, role transition, interpersonal deficit
Describe what happens in IPT.
- Client assumes a sick role
- They construct an IP map to identify context
- Find a focus are (maintained depressive symptoms linked to interpersonal events
- Identify a goal in order to reduce depressive symptoms and improve interpersonal functioning
What are the strengths of IPT?
- A grade evidence for treating depression
- No formal homework – may be preferable
- Client can continue to practise skills beyond the sessions ending
What are the limitations of IPT?
- Requires degree of ability to reflect – may be difficult for some
- Where poor social networks – limited interpersonal support
What is motivational interviewing?
- A technique that promoted behaviour change in a wide range of health care settings
- It is more effective than just giving advice
- It is used where behaviour change is being considered, when the patient may be unmotivated or ambivalent to change
What are the principles of motivation interviewing?
- Express empathy to understand person’s predicament
- Avoid argument as challenging patient’s position can make them defensive
- Support self-efficacy as the patient sets agenda, generates what they might consider changing
What are the stages of change?
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Planning
- Action
- Maintaining
What is the pre-contemplation stage of change?
The stage of denial where people are happy to continue with the behaviour
What is the contemplation stage of change?
- Can last indefinitely
- The client is generally ambivalent
- Weighing up the pros and cons
What is the planning stage of change?
- Client identified they have a problem
- Think about how to change it
- Consider options
- Build confidence and motivation
What is the action stage of change?
- This is what I am doing
- Preventing relapse and developing coping strategies
- Maintaining goals
What is the maintenance stage of change?
- Using coping strategies
- Dealing with weakness, emergencies and slip backs
