Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems: Psychiatry AB > Addiction Symposium > Flashcards

Addiction Symposium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 distinct mechanisms implicated in why we use drugs?

A
  • Tolerance (the basis of physical dependence)

- Reward centre (the basis of psychological craving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tolerance

A

Reduced responsiveness to a drug caused by previous administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is tolerance an example of?

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does tolerance develop in response to?

A

May types of drug

-Opioids, ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of tolerance?

A

Dispositional tolerance
-Less drug reaches the active site

Pharmacodynamic tolerance
-Drug has less action at the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the result of dispositional tolerance?

A
  • Decreased rate of absorption
  • Increased rate of metabolism to inactive metabolites
  • Decreased rate of metabolism to active metabolites
  • Increased rate of excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the result of pharmacodynamics tolerance?

A
  • Down-regulation or internalisation of drug receptors
  • Reduced signalling down stream of drug receptors
  • Some other compensatory mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What may the development of tolerance lead to?

A

Withdrawal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can tolerance lead to withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • Drug effect= reduced transmitter release
  • Adaptive response is to increase sensitivity to transmitter
  • When drug is removed the increased sensitivity remains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the withdrawal phenomena?

A

It is usually the reverse of the acute effect of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the acute and withdrawal effect of opioids?

A

Acute
-Constipation

Withdrawal effect
-Diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the acute and withdrawal effect of barbiturates?

A

Acute
-Anticonvulsant

Withdrawal effect
-Convulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the acute and withdrawal effect of cocaine?

A

Acute
-Elevated mood

Withdrawal effect
-Depressed mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the reward pathway.

A
  • Neurones project from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens & prefrontal cortex
  • When VTA neurones are stimulated they release dopamine is released
  • This causes a sensation of pleasure/reward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why has the reward pathway evolved?

A
  • The reward pathway is normally activated by eating, drinking and sex
  • It therefore encourages those ‘healthy’ behaviours that lead to propagation of your genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give examples of high some drugs of abuse tap into the reward pathway and increase dopamine levels.

A
  • Heroin increases firing rate of dopaminergic neurones
  • Amphetamine increases dopamine release
  • Cocaine inhibits dopamine uptake
  • Alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give 2 examples of stimulants.

A
  • Cocaine

- Amphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What has cocaine be used for in the past?

A

ENT surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most potent natural stimulant?

A

Cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can cocaine be taken?

A
  • Coca leaves chewed or brewed
  • Cocaine hydrochloride is snorted or injected
  • Cocaine freebase or crack cocaine is smoked
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the means of consumption affect the effects of cocaine?

A

Depends on dose and rate of entry to the brain

  • Smoking: almost immediate
  • Injecting 15 to 30 secs
  • Snorting: 3 to 5 mins
  • The effects of crack smoking are very intense but quickly over ( 15 mins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the effects of cocaine?

A
  • Stimulant and euphoriant
  • Increased alertness and energy
  • Increased confidence and impaired judgement
  • Lessens appetite and desire for sleep
  • Damage to nose and airways
  • Convulsions with resp failure
  • Cardiac arrhythmias and MI
  • Hypertension and CVA
  • Toxic confusion
  • Paranoid psychosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the withdrawal effects of cocaine?

A
  • Depression
  • Irritability
  • Agitation
  • Craving
  • Hyperphagia
  • Hypersomnia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the general amphetamine used?

A

Amphetamine sulphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is amphetamine consumed?

A
  • Sniffed
  • Swallowed
  • injected
26
Q

What are the effects of amphetamine?

A
  • Effects similar to cocaine but longer lasting
  • Toxic confusion occasionally with convulsions and death
  • Amphetamine psychosis in heavy chronic use
27
Q

Give examples of opiates.

A
  • Opium
  • Morphine
  • Heroin (diamorphine)
  • Methadone
  • Codeine and dihydrocodeine
28
Q

What is heroin available as?

A
  • Diamorphine

- Diamorphine hydrochloride

29
Q

How does purity of heroin vary?

A

Purity varies from 1%- 98% with average of 35% in US

30
Q

What are other names for heroin?

A
  • H
  • Gear
  • Smack
  • Brown
31
Q

How is heroin consumed?

A
  • Snorted
  • Smoking (chasing the dragon) (safest method)
  • Injection (most dangerous method)
32
Q

What are the effects of heroin?

A
  • Analgesia
  • Drowsiness and sleep
  • Mood change (euphoria, intense pleasure)
  • Cough reflex depression
  • Respiratory depression
  • Sensitisation of the labyrinth with nausea and vomiting
  • Decreased sympathetic outflow (bradycardia and hypotension)
  • Lowering of body temperature
  • Pupillary constriction
  • Constipation
33
Q

What are the effects of heroin overdose?

A
  • Respiratory arrest with a pulse
  • Pinpoint pupils unreactive to light
  • Snoring giving way to shallow respiration (<8 breaths/min)
  • Bradycardia and hypotension
  • Varying degree of reduced consciousness/coma
34
Q

What are the effects of opiates?

A

Intense but transient feeling of pleasure

  • “A rush”
  • Almost orgasmic
  • Physical and emotional anaesthetic
35
Q

What are the first time side effects of opiates?

A
  • Nausea/vomiting

- Headache

36
Q

What are the medium term side effects of opiates?

A
  • Phlebitis
  • Anorexia
  • Constipation
37
Q

What are the long term side effects of opiates?

A
  • Tolerance
  • Withdrawal
  • Social and health problems
38
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of opiate withdrawal syndrome?

A
  • Craving
  • Insomnia
  • Yawning
  • Muscle pain and cramps
  • Increased salivary, nasal and lacrimal secretions
  • Dilated pupils
  • Piloerection
39
Q

What are the consequences of methadone maintenance?

A
  • Decriminalises drug use
  • Allows normalisation of lifestyle
  • Reduces iv misuse
  • Leakage on to the illicit market
40
Q

What is ecstasy?

A
  • 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
  • Half of all ecstasy contain no MDMA
  • Causes a relaxed euphoric state without hallucinations
41
Q

What are the effects of ecstasy?

A
  • Likened to mixture of LSD and amphetamine
  • Euphoria followed by the feeling of calm
  • Increased sociability
  • Inability to distinguish between what is and isn’t desirable
  • Effects after 20 minutes lasting 2-4 hours
42
Q

What are the side effects of ecstasy?

A
  • Nausea and dry mouth
  • Increased blood pressure and temperature
  • In clubs, users risk dehydration
  • Large doses can cause anxiety and panic
  • Drug induced psychosis
  • Liver and brain cell damage
43
Q

What is the most commonly used illicit drug?

A

Cannabis

44
Q

What is the psychoactive agent in cannabis?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

45
Q

What form of cannabis has a high THC content?

A

Skunk (sensimilla)

46
Q

How can cannabis be presented?

A
  • Marijuana
  • Hashish (cannabis resin)
  • Hash oil (produced by extracting cannabinoids from plant material with a solvent)
47
Q

How is cannabis consumed?

A
  • Eaten

- Usually smoked

48
Q

How is production of cannabis evolving?

A

Becoming more professional

-THC content from 1% in’74 to 5% in ‘94 ; THC content of sensimilla 17%

49
Q

What are the psychological effects of cannabis in low doses?

A
  • Relaxing or stimulating
  • Euphoriant
  • Increases sociability and hilarity
  • Increases appetite
  • Changes in time per
50
Q

What are the psychological effects of cannabis in higher doses?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Panic
  • Persecutory ideation
  • Hallucinatory activity
51
Q

What are the ill effects of cannabis?

A
  • Respiratory problems as with tobacco
  • Toxic confusion
  • Exacerbation of major mental illness
  • ? Cannabis psychosis
52
Q

Give examples of novel psychoactive substances.

A
  • NPS

- Legal highs

53
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

-Family of drugs comprising testosterone and many synthetic analogues

54
Q

What are anabolic steroids legitamely prescribed for?

A
  • Hypogonadism
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Various anaemias
  • Wasting in AIDs
55
Q

Why are anabolic steroids used cosmetically?

A
  • Use in sports enhancement

- To enhance appearance by increasing muscle mass and reducing body fat

56
Q

Muscle hypertrophy from steroid use is particularly marked…

A

In the upper body in the pectoralis, deltoid, trapezius and bicpes

57
Q

What are the side effects of anabolic steroids?

A
  • Skin: acne, stretch marks, baldness
  • Feminisation in males with hypogonadism and gynaecomastia (occasioning use of anti-oestrogens)
  • Virilisation in women including hirsutism, deep voice, clitoral enlargement, menstrual irregularities , hair thinning
  • Increased cholesterol and hypertension
  • Growth deficits due to premature closure of epiphyses
  • Cholestatic jaundice and liver tumours
58
Q

What are the psychological side effects of anabolic steroids?

A
  • Irritability and anger (‘roid rage’)
  • Hypomania and mania
  • Depression and suicidality on withdrawal
59
Q

How is the psychological component of addiction (craving) produced?

A

Drugs can tap into the reward centre to increase dopamine levels

60
Q

How can heroin be presented?

A
  • Powder

- Tar like substance

Systems: Psychiatry AB (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions