Psychological Therapies Flashcards
What are the four psychological therapies?
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
Behavioural activation therapy
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Motivational interviewing (MI)
Once referred for psychological therapies, what is the maximum wait time patients should expect?
18 weeks
What is CBT?
It is a talking therapy used to change the way in which patients think, feel and behave
The therapist works with the patient to help them identify thoughts, feelings and behaviours that are unhelpful, known as thinking errors
Once these thinking errors have been identified, the patient engages in tasks between sessions to challenge these
In what three ways can CBT be conducted?
On an individual basis
In groups with family members
In groups with people who experience similar issues
What five mental health conditions can CBT be used to treat?
Depression
Anxiety
Eating disorders
OCD
PTSD
What are six types of thinking errors?
Automatic Negative Thoughts
Unrealistic Beliefs
Cognitive Distortions
Mind Reading
Overgeneralisation
Perfectionism
What tasks can patients undertake between CBT session to challenge their thinking errors?
Graded exposure and response prevention exercises
These involve the patient tackling the avoidance of feared situations, activities or objects
How long is CBT generally conducted for?
12 weeks
Does CBT focus on the present or the past?
Present
What is behaviour activation therapy?
It is a talking therapy that encourages patients to use behaviour in influencing their emotional state
The therapist works with the patient to identify activities that they are avoiding and discuss the unintended consequences which may result from this
Once this has been identified, an activity schedule is constructed to encourage the patient to challenge this
This helps the patient to plan more activities they enjoy doing, to develop their social skills or to track their own emotions and activities
What psychological therapy is behavioural activation a part of?
CBT
What is interpersonal therapy (IPT)?
It is a talking therapy that helps patients identify and address problems in their relationships with family, partners and friends.
The therapist works with the patient to construct an ‘interpersonal map’, which establishes relationships critical to that patient and difficulties in these relationships which may be contributing to depressive symptoms
Once this has been identified, the therapists sets the patients ‘informal’ goals to improve interpersonal functioning
How does IPT work?
It is based upon the concept that our relationships with other individuals can impose significant impacts on our mood
What mental health condition can be managed by IPT? Why?
Depression
Depression is often associated with changes in or contingent with significant interpersonal events
How long is IPT generally conducted for?
12-16 weeks
Does IPT focus on the present or the past?
Present
What is motivational interviewing (MI)?
It is a talking therapy used to elicit patient motivation to allow change in a certain negative behaviour
When is MI generally used?
It is considered in a wide range of health care setting, in which behaviour change is considered, however the patient may unmotivated or ambivalent to this
When is MI used in psychiatry?
It is often used to manage alcohol and substance misuse
What are the four principles of MI?
Expressing Empathy
Develop Discrepancy
Avoiding Arguments
Supporting Self-Efficacy
Describe the ‘expressing empathy’ principle of MI
It involves the therapist listening and expressing empathy to patients through the use of reflective listening
The clinician listens and presents ideas the patient has discussed in a different way
Why is the ‘expressing empathy’ principle of MI important?
It strengthens the doctor-patient relationship and encourages the patient to be more willing to open about their thoughts
Describe the ‘developing discrepancy’ principle of MI
It involves the therapist developing discrepancies between the current self and what they want to be like in the future after a change has taken place
Why is the ‘developing discrepancy’ principle of MI important?
This increases the patient’s awareness that there are consequences to their current behaviours
Describe the ‘avoiding arguments’ principle of MI
It involves the therapist avoiding arguments with the patient
Why is the ‘avoiding arguments’ principle of MI important?
Arguments could exacerbate the patient to become more withdrawn, degenerating any progress that has been made and decreasing rapport with the patient
Describe the ‘supporting self-efficacy’ principle of MI
It involves the therapist supporting self-efficacy, in which they accentuate that patient’s strengths and what they have been successful in
Why is the ‘supporting self-efficacy’ principle of MI important?
This encourages the patient to incorporate these strengths into future attempts and empower the patient to believe that they are capable of change
What are the five stages of change?
Pre-Contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
What is the pre-contemplation stage of change?
It is the stage at which individuals have no intention to change behaviour in the foreseeable future.
In most cases, individuals in this stage are unaware or under aware of their problems
How should we manage individuals who are in the pre-contemplation stage of change?
We should advise patients that they can access healthcare advice at any point if they would like to consider change
What is the contemplation stage of change?
It is the stage in which individuals are aware that a problem exists and are considering about overcoming it, however, have not made a commitment to take action
How should we manage individuals who are in the contemplation stage of change?
We should provide patients with information to action change
What is the preparation stage of change?
It is the stage in which individuals intend to take action in the next month and have actively made a plan to conduct this
How should we manage individuals who are in the preparation stage of change?
We should encourage this behaviour by building the patient’s confidence and motivation
What is the action stage of change?
It is the stage in which individuals modify their behaviour, experiences or environment in order to overcome their problems
How should we manage individuals who are in the action stage of change?
We should develop strategies to maintain goals and assist patients when failure is encountered
What is the maintenance stage of change?
It is the stage in which individuals work to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained during action
