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Psychology 10 > Psychological Research > Flashcards

Psychological Research Flashcards

the scientific method

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1
Q

What is a dependent variable (DV)?

A

Measures the effects of the IV.

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1
Q

What is an independent variable (IV)?

A

The conditions that are manipulated to measure their effects on the dependent variable.

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2
Q

Define ‘population’ in research.

A

The entire group of the researcher’s interest from which the sample is taken.

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3
Q

Define ‘sample’ in research.

A

A smaller group of participants selected for the research from the larger population.

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4
Q

What does the PIDD checklist for hypotheses stand for?

A

Population, Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Direction.

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4
Q

What is the experimental group?

A

The group affected by the IV.

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5
Q

What is the control group?

A

The group not affected by the IV, used as a comparison.

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6
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Variables other than the IV that might affect the DV.

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7
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Variables other than the IV that have changed the DV.

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8
Q

What are individual participant differences?

A

The unique combination of personal characteristics, abilities, and backgrounds each participant brings to an experiment.

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9
Q

What are non-standardised instructions?

A

When research procedures (including instructions) are not the same for all participants.

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10
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

A change in participants’ behaviour due to their belief that they are receiving some kind of experimental treatment and responding accordingly.

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11
Q

What is reliability?

A

Results should be consistent, dependable, and stable.

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12
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent to which the experiment measures what it is intended to measure.

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13
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The extent to which the IV caused the change in the DV, not extraneous variables.

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14
Q

What is external validity?

A

How accurately the obtained information can be generalised from the sample to the population.

15
Q

What is meant by the protection and security of participants’ information?

A

Ensuring information is protected from misuse, interference, loss, disclosure, and modification. Information needs to be kept confidential and destroyed after use.

16
Q

What is confidentiality in research?

A

Not disclosing information about participants to anyone unless consent has been obtained. The right to privacy and confidentiality procedures must be explained before the study.

17
Q

What is voluntary participation in research?

A

Participants must voluntarily consent to being involved.

18
Q

What is informed consent in research?

A

Participants must be told about the procedures, risks, and benefits of the study. Written consent must be collected from the participant or their guardians if underage.

19
Q

When is the use of deception permissible in research?

A

When it is absolutely necessary for the study and done ethically. Participants must be debriefed about this after the study.

20
Q

What is debriefing in research?

A

Clarifying the nature of the research after it is finished, explaining the true purpose if deception was used, and allowing participants to ask questions.

21
Q

What is a representative sample?

A

A sample that is approximately the same as the population from which it is drawn in every important participant variable.

22
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Ensuring every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to be part of the sample.

23
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Dividing the population into different subgroups (strata) and then selecting a separate sample from each subgroup in the same proportions as they occur in the population.

24
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Using anyone who is available/present, making no attempt to create a representative sample.

25
Q

What is random allocation in research?

A

A procedure used to place participants in groups in an equal way, including experimental and control groups.

Psychology 10 (3 decks)

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