Psychological problems 2

Question 1

Conduct disorder (CD)

Answer 1

First appeared in DSM4
An ongoing pattern of behaviour where the rights of others or social norms are infringed,
e.g. bullying or threatening
Starting fight
Arson
Shoplifting

Question 2

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Answer 2

Angry and irritable mood:
Often and easily loses temper
Easily annoyed by others
Angry and resentful

Argumentative and defiant behaviour
Argues with people in authority
Refuses to comply with adults requests

Vindictiveness
Is often spiteful

Question 3

Environmental and dispositional risk factors of CD

Answer 3

Maternal factors- smoking, alcohol
Birth complications
Maternal or paternal psychopathology
Familial
-Harsh and inconsistent discipline
- Parent child conflict
- Maltreatment
- Low socio-economic status and poverty
Association with deviant peers

Question 4

Passive gene-environment interaction

Answer 4

Parent smokes- child has genetic disposition to smoke
Smoking is in the environment so they’ll want to smoke

Question 5

Active gene-environment correlation

Answer 5

Genes make us actively change our environment and seek something out
Antisocial personality disorder makes people seek out an antisocial peer group
Actively make our genes correlate with our environment

Question 6

Evocative gene-environment correlation

Answer 6

Genetically influenced traits elicit or evoke environmental responses from others
An aggressive person receives aggression back from others

Question 7

Genome-wide association study

Answer 7

An observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait
When applied to human data, GWA studies compare the DNA of participants
these participants may be people with a disease, and people without the disease
This is known as phenotype-first

Question 8

Mono amine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 8

Mono amine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters- like dopamine and serotonin
An enzyme is a protein, proteins are made by genes
There are different forms of the MAO gene. MAO - L (low) is less active- more neurotransmitters in the pre-syn neuron- linked to conduct disorder

Question 9

Gene environment interaction- conduct disorder

Answer 9

Low form of MOA alongside maltreatment- high incidence of conduct disorder
Also linked to thrill seeking- to boost monoamine transmitters

Question 10

Brain regions

Answer 10

Front of the brain- reinforcement learning/decision making/executive function- disrupted in conduct disorder
Amygdala- emotion and threat responses disrupted- low form of MAO gene linked to higher activation of the amygdala
Striatum- reward

Question 11

Cognitive hostile attributional bias

Answer 11

The tendency of individuals to interpret not only ambiguous cues as signalling hostility, but also many cues that are generated with benign intentions