psychological problems

Question 1

synptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 1

• hallucinations
• delusions
• catatonic behaviour
• negative symptoms
• disorganised speech

Question 2

what are delusions

Answer 2

• false beliefs

Question 3

what are hallucinations

Answer 3

• false perceptions that can affect the different senses

Question 4

what is catatonic behaviour

Answer 4

• behaviour ranging from repetitive , frenzied actions to statue like stupor

Question 5

what is negative symptoms

Answer 5

• absence of normal healthy behaviour

Question 6

which ethic group / s are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia

Answer 6

• more diagnosed in people of African / Caribbean origin
• lower in people of Asian origin

Question 7

prevalence of schizophrenia

Answer 7

1% of population

Question 8

recovery statistics for schizophrenia

Answer 8

-leads to hospitalisation in approx 15% diagnosed
- 25% fully recover
- 10% dead

Question 9

what is the biological explanation of schizophrenia

Answer 9

• schizophrenics have too many D2 receptors in their brain
• means more dopamine binds to these receptors & more neurons fire too easily.
• excess dopamine being absorbed
• leads to erratic movement , hallucinations + delusions

Question 10

how is a schizophrenic brain different to a normal one

Answer 10

• volume of brain is 5% lower
• temporal lobe lack grey matter
• hippocampus smaller than average
• frontal lobe less active due to decreased blood flow

Question 11

criticisms of biological explanation for schizophrenia

Answer 11

• ignore role of nurture brain still needs to interact with environment to produce symptoms like hallucinations / delusions
• establishing cause + effect-> is brain dysfunction the cause of schizophrenia or just another symptom of it?

Question 12

explain the social drift theory

Answer 12

• once people have it they began to drift down the social scale
• disengage with society - doesn’t make sense to them anymore
• even if they do want to remain part of society this is hard due to their diagnosis
• rejected by society - discrimination and stigmatism - may lose jobs due to diagnosis
• society may reject the, due to their behavior
• disengagement + rejection from downward spiral - sent in downward cycle in terms of society

Question 13

criticisms of social drift theory

Answer 13

• problem with cause and effect - does poverty lead to schizophrenia or does schizophrenia lead to poverty
• focuses too much on wider society - ignores role family environment may have in the development of schizophrenia

Question 14

Daniel et al aim

Answer 14

• investigate activity in the pre frontal cortices of people with schizophrenia

Question 15

Daniel et al procedure

Answer 15

• to increase dopamine levels they gave half of participants amphetamines & other half placebo - switched next day
• completed WCST on both days
• also used SPECT scan to measure blood Dow to brain

Question 16

Daniel et al results + conclusion

Answer 16

• Amphetamine increased pre frontal cortex activity during performance of cognitive task
• shows we can reduce negative symptoms by giving dopamine - stimulated drugs

Question 17

criticisms of Daniel et al

Answer 17

• culturally biased -> participants all from same part of USA & most were white -> rates of schizophrenia differ between ethnicities.
• drug used to stabilize symptoms may have acted as an extraneous variable - could have impacted participants brain activity making it harder to establish cause and effect

Question 18

symptoms of clinical depression

Answer 18

• low mood
• reduced energy
• disturbed sleep
• ideas / acts of self harm

Question 19

prevalence of depression

Answer 19

4-10%

Question 20

who are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia men or women

Answer 20

• twice as many females diagnosed than men

Question 21

which ethnic groups are more likely to be diagnosed with depression

Answer 21

• people of Indian / Pakistani origin report suffering more than african origin

Question 22

what age are you most likely to be diagnosed with depression

Answer 22

• most common in 18-30
• least common under 18

Question 23

abc model meaning

Answer 23

• irrational thinking leads to depression

Question 24

a stands for (abc model)

Answer 24

• activating event - something to trigger an irrational thought

Question 25

b stands for (abc model)

Answer 25

• belief - can be irrational / rational - how the event is interpreted by individual

Question 26

c stands for (abc model)

Answer 26

• consequences- if the belief is negative / irrational , may lead to negative emotional & behavioral consequences & depression

Question 27

criticism of abc model

Answer 27

• assumes people have control over their beliefs because the abc model believes in the idea of free will. Depression could be determined by other factors out of our control & therefore depression is not that easy to get rid of
• cause and effect - do irrational beliefs cause depression or are they symptoms of it

Question 28

Tandoc et al aim

Answer 28

• see whether depression is linked with Facebook use & whether using it lead to feelings of envy

Question 29

tandoc et al sample

Answer 29

• 736 students from American university

Question 30

tandoc te al procedure

Answer 30

• questionnaire conducted online - responses in quantitative data
• measures Facebook usage , levels of envy using a rating scale & symptoms of depression

Question 31

tandoc et al results

Answer 31

• heavy fb users showed stronger feelings of envy
• fb envy was a significant predictor of depression

Question 32

Tandoc et al conclusion

Answer 32

• no direct relationship between fb and depression
• direct relationship between fb envy and depression

Question 33

tamdoc et al criticism

Answer 33

• culturally biased -> all from USA -> may influence how fb is used & how they deal with their feelings
• social desirability -> may have underplayed their use of social media + levels of envy - invalid results