Psychological influences on the team Flashcards
What is social facilitation?
> The effects of others who maybe watching when sport is played but who are they:
1) Audience - Those who are watching either as spectators or a large tv audience. There very presence causes pressure.
2) Co-actors - Those who are doing the same thing at the same time but are not in direct competition. Such as a jogger on the other side of the road.
3) Competitors - (Competitive co-actors) since they are now in direct competition to you.
4) Social reinforcers - These people have direct influence on performance and their presence is a part of the event, such as a coach.
Audience and co-actors are said to be passive as they don’t have a direct impact on the event however their mere presence causes increased arousal.
A beginner may not be able to cope being watched and so gets anxiety or over arousal causing poor execution of shots this is social inhibition.
An expert will be able to cope with the demands of the crowd and will be motivated so skills are enhanced this is social facilitation.
What is evaluation apprehension?
> It is the perceived fear of being judged. Especially by an important person. (Eg a scout)
This could either motivate you to play well or could increase anxiety and arousal to very high levels causing a significant reduction in performance
How to prevent social inhibition and evaluation apprehension?
> Getting the players familiar to playing in front of a crowd - the coach should allow the team to train with the distraction of an audience.
Gradually introducing evaluation - the level of assessment and evaluation should gradually increase. Support from team mates and large crowds to encourage someone through a match
Improving focus and concentration - players should focus on the game and not the audience so that focus attention on the things that matter and not the things that are irrelevant.
What are group dynamics?
> Individuals have to work together to achieve a goal and the team have the following characteristics:
- A collective identity - for example same colour kit, sense of pride.
- Interaction - should operate in their own individual roles successfully. The way the team works together to achieve a task.
- Communication - should talk to each other and can communicate non-verbally like a coded call.
- A shared goal - all players should want to aim for the same goal to have maximum motivation
The stages of group formation are:
- Forming - team comes together and gets to know each other
- Storming - individuals may compete with others to establish position
- Norming - when conflict has been resolved the team starts to settle down with the intention of achieving their goals
- Performing - team members support each other and know their role in the team
What is cohesion?
> Cohesion looks at the forces acting on the team members to keep the team integrated and on task.
The tendency for individuals to work together to achieve their goals, the forces that keep the group members on task.
Co-action is when others do the same task at the same time but separately (Eg rowers)
Interactionist is when each member has a different role and works together to produce results.
> There are 4 main influences on a team these are called Carron’s antecedents:
1) Environmental factors - This includes the size of the group and time available. (longer the team has been together the more time they would have to learn each others roles)
2) Personal factors - Refers to similarity of group members and their beliefs/values and whether they fit with the team
3) Leadership factors - Whether the coach/captain gets along with the other members in the team
4) Team factors - Wins and loses for the team will help them gain experience for the future
What is the difference between task and social cohesion?
> Task cohesion - looks at the end result and involves every player working together to achieve the goal.
Social cohesion - looks at the interaction between the team and how they work with each other. Eg support from group members or trust in abilities.
What is the Steiner model on team performance?
> Not always the case that having the best players produces the best results but those teams that have the best cohesion
Actual productivity = Potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
Actual productivity - the outcome of the group performance
Potential productivity - the best performance based on player ability and group resources
Faulty processes - simply the things that go wrong (co-ordinational problems, motivational problems)
What is social loafing and what are the causes?
> Social loafing - Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when individual efforts are not recognised. Some causes are: - Lack of confidence - Player does not believe - Don't like their position - Captain/coach displayed poor leadership - Lack of fitness - The goal is not specific enough - Lack of enthusiasm
What is the Ringleman effect?
> When group performance decreases with group size
For example tug of war.
Less people = hard work
More people = Relying on others to put in the hard work
How to avoid social loafing?
> Efforts of players are recognised and rewarded
Give players specific responsibilities
Coach should use goal setting strategies
Video analysis
Coach should make sure players stay fit
Goal setting and its benefits?
> Goal setting is simply setting targets
Benefits:
- Increasing motivation and make sure participants in the sporting activity keep trying
- Improving confidence since the performer can experience an improvement in technique
- Regulating and sustaining efforts as the performer comes close to reaching the target they try a little harder
Outcome goal
> Is based in the performance of others and based on the results
Task orientated goal
> Improvements in technique or performance
Performance goals
> When an athlete sets a goal to better their performance rather than comparing to others
Process goals
> Based on improving technique
