Further psychological effects on the individual Flashcards
What is anxiety?
> Anxiety - a state of nervousness and worry, a negative response to a sporting situation.
Often arises from a players perception of the situation
Anxiety can come in different forms and have some damaging effects on performance
What is the difference between competitive state anxiety and competitive trait anxiety?
> State - is more temporary and is is a response to a particular moment in the game or a specific sporting situation.
Trait - is when a player feels nervous before all competitions regardless of importance. Th athlete feels nervous all the time.
What is the difference between cognitive and somatic anxiety?
> Cognitive - is psychological factors. For example thinking that they don’t have the ability to complete the task and may experience nervousness.
Somatic - is physiological factors. For example sweating, increased heart rate.
How is anxiety measured?
> Anxiety can be measured by self report, questionnaire, observation and physiological factors.
A questionnaire asks players to answer a series of questions about their emotions in different situations.
It is quick cheap and easy to use so large number of players can be measured
An example of a questionnaire used would be the Sport Competition Anxiety Test or SCAT.
How are observation and physiological measures used?
> Observation - Gaining a measure of anxiety simply by watching the performer
Physiological factors - They are physical factors like increased heart rate, sweating, increased respiration, etc.
What is the difference between aggression and assertion?
> Aggression - Intent to harm outside the rules; hostile behaviour that is reactive and out of control.
Assertion - Well motivated behaviour within the rules that is goal directed and not intended to harm.
What are the 4 theories behind what causes aggression? And what is catharsis?
1) Instinct theory
2) Frustration-aggression hypothesis
3) Aggressive cue hypothesis
4) Social learning theory
> Catharsis - is letting of steam or cleansing the emotions
In terms of the frustration-aggression hypothesis catharsis may be experienced once the players frustration has had a chance to get rid of the aggression inclination.
What is instinct theory?
> A theory that claims that all performers are born with an aggressive instinct that will surface with enough provocation.
This aggressive instinct may surface as a reaction to a bad foul or injury is present and you try to protect yourself.
Once the aggressive act has been undertaken the performer starts to calm down and experience an emotion called catharsis
Disadvantages
- Not all aggression is reactive and spontaneous
- Some aggression is learned
What is frustration-aggression hypothesis?
> Suggests that inevitable aggression occurs when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated.
Once the performer has been blocked from achieving their aim, there will be a building frustration that will lead to aggressive tendencies.
If the performer is unable to release the aggressive drive then a form of self punishment will occur.
What is aggressive cue hypothesis?
> Suggests that increased frustration will lead to increased arousal levels and a drive towards aggressive responses.
Such aggressive responses will only occur if certain learned cues are present to act as a stimulus for the performer to act aggressively.
Theory begins to look at how aggression can be learned from others
What is social learning theory?
> Learning by associating with others and coping behaviour
Process is observe - identify - reinforce - copy
Aggression is learned by others or those we hold in high esteem such as role models
Live behaviour is more likely to be copied than recorded behaviour
Disadvantage
- Aggression can be instinctive rather than learned
- Some players react aggressively without being in a situation where they could observe and copy others
How can we prevent aggression?
> Do not reinforce the behaviour > Punish aggression with fines > Punish players by sending them off > Substitute an aggressive player > Reinforce non-aggressive behaviour > Talk to players to calm them down > Walk away from the situation > Apply the rules consistently > Use mental rehearsal > Point out non-aggressive role models > Set non-aggressive goals > Channel aggression into assertion > Apply sanctions immediately
What is motivation?
> Motivation is the drive to succeed
Keeps the players on track and means that they are persistent and consistent in giving their best in every game.
It is the external stimuli and internal mechanisms that drive and direct behaviour
Intrinsic motivation - Motivation from within
Extrinsic motivation - Motivation from an outside source > Tangible awards - are those that can be touched or held physically
Intangible awards - are those that are non-physical awards and concern the praise of people
How can a coach maintain intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
> Offering rewards and incentives early on
Making the activity fun and enjoyable
Pointing out health benefits
Breaking down the skill to allow success on each part
Making the performer feel responsible for any success achieved
Setting goals or targets that are achievable
Using feedback to inspire and correct errors
