Psychological Explanations - Cognitive Theory

Question 1

Name the types of distortion

Answer 1

cognitive distortions

hostile attribution bias

minimalisation

Question 2

what is cognitive distortions a form of?

Answer 2

irrational thinking

Question 3

define cognitive distortions

Answer 3

Faulty and irrational ways of thinking meaning we perceive reality inaccurately

Question 4

define hostile attribution bias

Answer 4

the tendency for someone to judge ambiguous situations or action of others as aggressive or threatening

Question 5

define minimalisation

Answer 5

when the consequence of behaviour are down-played

Question 6

What did Kohlberg create?

Answer 6

A stage theory of moral development

Question 7

What is Kohlberg stage theory of moral development based on?

Answer 7

boys and men reasoning for moral decisions

Question 8

name the levels of moral reasoning

Answer 8

level 1
pre-conventional morality

level 2
conventional morality

level 3
post-conventional morality

Question 9

Name the stages in level 1 of moral reasoning (pre-conventional morality)

Answer 9

1) punishment orientation
(avoid punishment)

2) instrumental orientation / personal gain

Question 10

Name the stages in level 2 of moral reasoning (conventional morality)

Answer 10

3) good boy or good girl orientation
(for approval)

4) maintenance of social order

Question 11

Name the stages in level 3 of moral reasoning (post-conventional morality)

Answer 11

5) morality of contract and individual rights

6) morality of conscience
ethically correct

Question 12

What level of reasoning to criminals tend to show?

Answer 12

lower levels

level 1 (stages 1 + 2)
pre-conditional morality

Question 13

What is the pre-conventional level characterised by?

Answer 13

the need to avoid punishment

to gain rewards / personal gain

Question 14

What are the 2 parts of the cognitive theory for explaining offending behaviour?

Answer 14

levels of moral reasoning (Kolhberg)

cognitive distortions