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MCAT PSYCH/SOC > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Anxiety Disorders
A

characterized by excessive fear (of specific real things or more generally) and/or anxiety (of real or imagined future things or events) with both physiological and psychological symptoms

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2
Q

Examples of anixety disorders

A
  • separation anxiety disorder
  • specific phobias
  • social anxiety disorder
  • panic disorder
  • generalized anxiety disorder
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3
Q

panic disorder

A

type of anxiety disorder

  • has had 1+ panic attack and is worried about having another panic attack
  • can be cued or spontaneous
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4
Q

panic attack

A
  • experiences dread
  • SOB
  • chest pain
  • chocking sensation
  • cardiac symptoms

-usually <30min

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5
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A
  • type of anxiety disorder
  • feels tense or anxious about many things often
  • no panic attacks
  • may include restlessness, tiring easily, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, insomnia
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6
Q

Specific phobia

A

type of anxiety disorder

  • persistent, strong, unreasonable fear of a certain object or situation
  • involves avoidance
  • 4 types: situational, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, animal
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7
Q

social anxiety disorder aka social phobia

A

unreasonable, paralyzing fear of feeling embarassed or humiliated while one is seen or watched by others, even while performing routine activities
-involves avoidance

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8
Q
  1. Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders
A
  • involve a pattern of obsessive thoughts or urges that are coupled with maladaptive behavioral compulsions
  • the compulsions are experienced as necessary/urgent response to the obsessive thoughts/urges, creating rigid, anxiety-filled routines
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9
Q

examples of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

A
  • obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • body dysmorphic disorder
  • hoarding disorder
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10
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

example of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

-has obsessions, compulsions, or both

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11
Q

obsessions

A

repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety

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12
Q

compulsions

A

repeated physical or mental behaviors that are performing in response to an obsession or in accordance with a set of strict rules, in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from happening

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13
Q
  1. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
A

Traumas and stressors are central

  • involve unhealthy or pathological responses to one or more harmful/life-threatening events, or witnessing such an event
  • symptoms include anxiety, depression, depersonalization, nightmares, insomnia, and/or heightened startle response
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14
Q

examples of trama and stressor related disorders

A
  • posttraumatic stress disorder
  • acute stress disorder
  • adjustment disorders
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15
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

-arises when person feel sintense fear, horror, or helplessness while experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confrontingan extremely traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury to the self or others

symptoms:

  • relived experience
  • mental/physical distress
  • hyperaroused
  • avoid reminders of trauma
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16
Q

acute stress disorder

A

similar to PTSD but lasts for less than a month

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17
Q

adjustment disorder

A

less severe and shorter-term version of PTSD

  • involves stressor instead of trauma
  • symptoms last less than 6 months once stressor is removed
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18
Q
  1. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
A

characterized by symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition or substance use, and are not attributed to another psychological disorder, but that nonetheless cause emotional distress
-characterized by distress and decreased functioning with no pathophysiological cause

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19
Q

examples of somatic symptom and related disorders

A
  • somatic symptom disorder
  • illness anxiety disorder
  • conversion disorder
  • factitious disorder (imposed on self or another)
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20
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A
  • 1+ somatic symptoms
  • diagnosis requires evidence of reduced functioning due to excessive preoccupation with and/or anxiety about the symptoms
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21
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A
  • predominantly psychological distress

- precccupation with both health condition and health-related behaviors

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22
Q

conversion disorder

A

experiences a change in sensory or motor function that has no discernible physical or physiological cause and that seems to be significantly affected by psychological factors
-emotion/anxiety converted into a physical symptom

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23
Q

factitious disorder (“Munchhausen Syndrome”)

A

-person has fabricated illness with either falsifying evidence or symptoms of the illness of inflicting harm to induce injury or illness

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24
Q
  1. Bipolar and related disorders
A
  • separate now from Mood disorders
  • involve mood swings or cycles (episodes), ranging from manic to depressive
  • -maniac episodes tend to be followed by depressive episodes and vice versa
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25
Q

examples of bipolar and related disorders

A
  • Bipolar I disorder
  • bipolar II disorder
  • cyclothymic disorder
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26
Q

bipolar disorder (formerly manic depression)

A

experience cyclic mood episodes at one or both extremes: depressions and mania

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27
Q

maniac episode

A

Duration- at least one week, nearly every day
Mood- elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Self-image- inflated, grandiose
Appetite/weight- may show diminished appetitie or interest in food
Sleep need- decreased
Cognition- flight of ideas or racing thoughts; distractibility
Speech- rapid, pressured
Energy/behavior- increased energy and goal-directed activity and/or psychomotor agitation
Judgment- lack of consequential thinking
Impairment to functioning- severe, marked impairment; may require hospitalizationo (to prevent harm to self or others); may include psychotic features

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28
Q

hypomanic episode

A

Duration- at least four consecutive days
Mood- elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Self-image- inflated, grandiose
Appetite/weight- may show diminished appetitie or interest in food
Sleep need- decreased
Cognition- flight of ideas or racing thoughts; distractibility
Speech- rapid, pressured
Energy/behavior- increased energy and goal-directed activity and/or psychomotor agitation
Judgment- lack of consequential thinking
Impairment to functioning- unequivocal, observable change that is not typical of the individual; not severe enough to cause marked impairmment or necessitate hospitalization

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29
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

Duration- 2+ weeks
Mood- depressed, diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities
Self-image- feelings of worthlessness or excessivee guilt
Appetite/weight- increase or decrease in body weight 5+% in a month
Sleep need- insomnia or hypersomnia
Cognition- diminished ability to think or concentrate; recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Speech- may manifest muted or flat affect aspect in speech
Energy/behavior- fatigue or loss of energy; psychomotor agitation or retardation
Judgment- may include suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide
Impairment to functioning- clinically significant distress or marked impairment in one or more areas of functioning

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30
Q

Dysthmic syndrome

A

Duration- at least 2 years
Mood- depressed; general feeling of sadness; feelings of hopelessness
Self-image- low self-esteem
Appetite/weight- poor appetite or overeating
Sleep need- insomnia or hypersomnia
Cognition- poor concentration
Speech- self-deprecation and expressed sense of futility are common
Energy/behavior- low energy or fatigue
Judgment- difficulty making decisions
Impairment to functioning- clinically significant distress or marked impairment in one or more areas of functioning

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31
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A
  • experienced 1+ manic or mixed episode
  • spontaneous manic episode not cuased by treatment or medical condition –> may swing to depressed/dysthymic/no depressive episode
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32
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

cyclic moods with 1+ major depressive disorder and one hypomanic episode
-need both types of episodes

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33
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

similar to bipolar disorder but with less severe moods

34
Q
  1. Depressive disorders
A

characterized by a disturbance in mood of affect
-specific symptoms include: difficulties in sleep, concentration, and/or appetite;
fatigue; and
inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

35
Q

examples of depressive disorders

A
  • major depressive disorder
  • persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
  • premenstrual dysphoric disorder
36
Q

major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

1+ major depressive episodes

37
Q

persistnet depressive disorder (PDD; Dysthymia/dysthymic disorder)

A

less intense but typically more chronic form of depression

  • experience milder symptoms for most days for 2+ yearsm, with symptoms never absent for more than 2 months
  • no major depressive episode
38
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

symptoms of major depressive disorder

  • intensify week before onset of meses and disappear week after menses end
  • specific symptoms:
  • -feeling keyed up/on edge
  • -food cravings
  • -overwhelming or out of control feeling
  • -tenderness or swelling in the breasts, joint/muscle pain, and bloating
39
Q
  1. Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders
A

Psychotic disorders are characterized by a general “loss of contact with reality”
–can include “positive” symptoms (ie delusions, hallucinations) or “negative” symptoms like flattened affect (ie monotone vocal expression

40
Q

examples of psychotic disorders

A
  • delusional disorder
  • brief psychotic disorder
  • schizophreniform disorder
  • schizophrenia
  • schizoaffective disorder
41
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

1+ delusions have been present for 1+ month and counterevidence is generally denied

42
Q

erotomania

A

ex. of delusional disorder

belief that someone is in love with you

43
Q

grandiosity

A

ex. of delusional disorder

belief that you have a special talent or insight

44
Q

persecution

A

ex. of delusional disorder

belief that you are being followed, drugged, harrassed, etc.

45
Q

persecution

A

ex. of delusional disorder

belief that you are being followed, drugged, harrassed, etc.

46
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

positive symptoms present for 1+ day but less than 1 month, and no negative symptoms

47
Q

positive symptoms

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior

48
Q

negative symptoms

A

decrease or lack of a typical behavior or other characteristic

  • decreased emotional expression (flat affect)
  • avolition (lack of motivation)
  • alogia (decreased/absent speech)
49
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A

1+ positive symptom, can have 1+ negative symptom

  • between 1-6 months
  • remissioin possible
50
Q

schizophrenia

A

positive and negative symptoms for 6+ months

51
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

combines mood and psychotic symptoms

-symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive/manic/mixed episode for 1+ month

52
Q
  1. Dissociative Disorders
A

characterized by disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception
-many are thought to be caused by psychological trauma

53
Q

examples of dissociative disorders

A
  • dissociative identity disorder
  • dissociative amnesia
  • depersonalization/derealization disorder
54
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

2+ distinct personality states/idenities

55
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

1+ episode (dissociative fugue) of forgetting some important personal information
-can be selective, generalized, continuous, systematized

56
Q

Depersonalization disorder

A

recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from his or her body or mental processes, as if observing from the outside

57
Q

derealization disorder

A

feeling that people or objects in the extrernal world are unreal

58
Q
  1. Personality Disorders
A

characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms, present across a variety of contexts, and cause significant dysfunction and distress
-pattern permeate the broader personality of the person and typically solidify during late adolescence or early adulthood

59
Q

example of personality disorders

A

Cluster A:

  • paranoid personality disorder
  • schizoid personality disorder
  • schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster B:

  • antisocial personality disorder
  • borderline personality disorder
  • histronic personality disorder
  • narcissitic personality disorder

Cluster C:

  • avoidant personality disorder
  • dependent personality disorder
  • obsessive-compulsive disorder
60
Q

Cluster A

A
  • traits: irrational, withdrawn, cold, suspicious

- personality disorders: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

61
Q

Cluster B

A
  • traits: emotional, dramatic, attention-seeking, intense

- personality disorders: antisocial, boderline, histronic, narcissistic

62
Q

Cluster C

A
  • traits: tense, anxious, over-controlled

- personality disorders: avoidant, dependent, obessive-compulsive

63
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

mistrusts and misinterprets others’ motives and actions without sufficient cause
-tends to be guarded, tense, self-sufficient

64
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

loner with little interest or involvement in close relationships, even those with family members
-unaffected emotionally be interactions with other people

65
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

several traits that cause problems interpersonally, included limited or inappropriate affect

  • magical or paranoid thinking
  • odd beliefs, behavior, apprearance, perceptions
  • family only confidantes

-many cases develop schizophrenia

66
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

history of serious behavior problems as a young teen
–includes harming others/animals; theft; destruction; rule violation

-more common in men

67
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

suffers enduring or recurrent instability in impulse control, mood, and image of self/others

  • impulsive, reckless + reactivity –> unstable relationships
  • afraid of abandonment

-more common in women

68
Q

histronic personality disorder

A

desires to be center of attention

  • seeks attention through appearance and seductive behavior
  • dramatic, but emotions are shallow
69
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

feel grandiose self-importance, with fantasies of beauty, brilliance, and power

  • need admiration; feel envy
  • lack empathy
70
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

feels inadequate, inferior, undesirable
-preoccupied with fears of criticism and conflict

  • ashamed
  • avoids interpersonal contact and new activities unless certain of being liked
  • restrained/inhibited in relationships
71
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

feels need to be taken care of and unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of self

  • trouble assuming responsibility and making decisions
  • clingy, submissive, afraid to express disagreement
72
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

A

no true obsessions/compulsions
-accumulate money or worthless objects

  • perfectionist, rigid, stubborn, need control interpersonally and mentally
  • often workaholic and moralistic beyond normal
73
Q

(10.) Feeding and Eating Disorders

A

characterized by disruptive emotional and behavioral patterns around feeding and/or eating that negatively impact physical and mental health

74
Q

examples of feeding and eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge-eating disorder

75
Q

(11.) Neurocognitive disorders

A

characterized by cognitive abnormalities or general decline in memory, problem solving, and/or perception

76
Q

examples of neurocognitive disorders

A
  • major and minor neurocognitive disorders (MMND)
  • MMND due to Alzheimer’s Disease
  • MMND due to Parkinson’s Disease
  • Major or mild vascular neurocognitive disorder
77
Q

(12.) Sleep-wake disorders

A

characterized by excessive or deficient sleep patterns, abnormalitices in circadian rhythm, and/or interruptions to normal sleep

78
Q

examples of sleep-wake disorders

A
  • insomnia disorder
  • hypersomnia disorder
  • narcolepsy
  • breathing-relating sleep disorders (including various apneas)
  • parasomnias (ie somnambulism/sleep-walking)
79
Q

Substance-related and addictive disorders

A

characterized by psychological and/or physiological dependence on or addiction to 1+ substances and behaviors

symptoms:

  • tolerance
  • withdrawl
80
Q

examples of substance-related and addictive disorders

A
  • substance related disorders
  • alcohol related disorders
  • tobacco related disorders
  • gambling disorder

MCAT PSYCH/SOC (3 decks)

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