Psychological Disorders

Question 1

What are 5 different types of disorder categories?

Answer 1

1. Anxiety disorders
2. Neurodevelopmental disorders
3. Neurocognitive disorders
4. Depressive disorders
5. Bipolar disorders

Question 2

What is a new approach to regarding mental disorders?

Answer 2

RDoC- seeks to guide classification and understanding of disorders and guide new DSM. To classify basied on causes not on symptoms

Question 3

What are RDoC researchers focusing on?

Answer 3

Biopsychosocial approach to abnormal functioning

Question 4

What are four features included in DSM 5

Answer 4

1. Specific diagnostic criteria
2. Conditions to formal disorders
3. Cultural considerations
4. Co-morbidities

Question 5

Describe the progression of DSM

Answer 5

DSM. classification system was established, features to diagnose and distinguise disorders, statement of similar problems
DSM II - common language established
DSM III & IV- established symptoms and diagnostic criteria
DSM V - specific criteria for diagnostic, cultural considerations, co-morbidities, conditions to formal disorders

Question 6

What are some dangers of labeling

Answer 6

Stigma

Question 7

What are some perspectives of causation of disorders?

Answer 7

1. Biopsychosocial
2. Diasthesis-stress: predisposed person to disorder requires a stressor to instigate it (ex. twins with only 1 person with disorder)

Question 8

What is an anxiety disorder?

Answer 8

A class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the main feature. It can be adaptive of maladaptive, when disproportionate to objective threat

Question 9

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 9

Characterized by chronic anxiety, along with 3 other symptoms of GAD, for example: restlessness, irritability, distractibility

Question 10

What might be an explanation for the cause of anxiety?

Answer 10

Biopsychosocial explanation: anxiety is caused by GABA imbalance. It occurs in groups with lower SES

Question 11

What is a phobic disorder?

Answer 11

Under the class of anxiety disorders, it is characterized by an irrational, and persistent fear or avoidance of a place/thing/situation

Question 12

What are the different types of phobia?

Answer 12

Specific phobia, Social phobia

Question 13

What might be an explanation for the cause of phobias from an evolutionary standpoint?

Answer 13

The preparedness theory holds that beings are predisposed to certain fears as protective mechanisms. They have an adaptive value

Question 14

What is a panic disorder?

Answer 14

Characterized by sudden onset of physiological and psychological symptoms of terror/panic attacks

Question 15

What characterized Obsessive-Compulseive disorder?

Answer 15

Characterized by irrational/intrusive thoughts, and ritualistic behaviors to soothe these thoughts

Question 16

What are the biological indicators of PTSD?

Answer 16

PTSD is associated with greater activity in the Amygdala, smaller hippocampus, and decreased medial prefrontal cortex

Question 17

What are the different forms of unipolar mood disorders?

Answer 17

Major depressive disorder, chronic mood disorders, and specific type mood disorders

Question 18

Which disorder maintains the highest heritability among all psychological disorders?

Answer 18

Bipolar disorder

Question 19

What might increase the risk of having bipolar disorder?

Answer 19

Genetic disposition, neuroticism, conscientiousness, introversion

Question 20

What are the 5 different criteria to be diagnosed with Major depressive disorder ?

Answer 20

A) at least 5 symptoms of MDD for at least 2 weeks
B) Significant disturbance in life
C) Not attributed to any other medical disorder
D) Not better explained by psychotic or schizoaffective disorders
E) Has never had a manic or hypomanic episode

Question 21

What is Dysthymia?

Answer 21

Prolonged, less severe depression for greater than 2 years, but does not meet criteria for MDD

Question 22

What’s the similarity and difference between Dysthymia and Double depression?

Answer 22

Double depression is more moderate than Dysthymia, however it is characterized by additional severe episode of depression

Question 23

The three attributional schemas of depression seek to explain low self esteem, long-term view and generality of failure. What are they?

Answer 23

I suck, God

Question 24

What does the updated cognitive model of Beck’s theory propose?

Answer 24

Depression is a result of genetic predisposition and unfortunate early life experiences. This results in depressive biases in thinking and memory

Question 25

What is the heritability estimate of depression?

Answer 25

33-45%

Question 26

Which hormones are associated with depression? What are the biological factors?

Answer 26

Serotonin and norepinephrine imbalances. The biological factors include decreased activity of the left prefrontal cortex, which high prefrontal cortex activity is heightened

Question 27

Which theory did Aaron Beck propose to explain the susceptibility of certain personalities to depression?

Answer 27

Aaron Beck proposed the helplessness theory to describe a depressed person's tendency to attribute all negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global

Question 28

The three attributional schemas of depression seek to explain low self esteem, long-term view and generality of failure. What are they?

Answer 28

*I suck, God* Internal vs external Stable vs Instable Global vs Specific

Question 29

What is the depressive paradox?

Answer 29

To feel helpless, but blame oneself for it

Question 30

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 30

A disorder characterized by significant disruption of basic psychological processed with distorted reality, altered emotions. Symptoms are divided into positive and negative symptoms

Question 31

What are positive symptoms? Name 5

Answer 31

*Del HaD Gross Cat* Positive symptoms are behaviors that arise in a person with schizophrenia. This includes: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior

Question 32

What is the difference between delusions and hallucinations

Answer 32

Delusions describes a general irrational belief system, whereas hallucinations describe false perceptual experiences with a compelling sense of reality

Question 33

What is catatonic behavior

Answer 33

Catatonic behavior is a positive symptom of schizophrenia which include muscle rigidity and uncontrolled activity. It includes medication-induced movement disorders.

Question 34

What are negative disorders, include 3 examples

Answer 34

Deficits to behavior: | lack of emotion, poverty of speech, withdrawn

Question 35

What are the 5 different subtypes of schizophrenia?

Answer 35

*procedure* - PCDUR | Paranoid, Catatonic, Disorganized, Undifferentiated, Residual

Question 36

What are some types of paranoia?

Answer 36

*GDPSEI are paranoid about their wives* | Grandiose delusions, Delusional jealousy, Persecutory delusion, Somatic delusion, Erotomania, Ideas of reference

Question 37

What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?

Answer 37

Meets the criteria for schizophrenia but not for any subtype

Question 38

What is catatonic schizophrenia characterized by?

Answer 38

Alternation between catatonic immobility and extreme excitement, often include mirroring speech

Question 39

What is Disorganized schizophrenia characterized by?

Answer 39

Involved random behavior, disorganized speech, shifting emotions

Question 40

What are some biological factors that lead to schizophrenia

Answer 40

Genetic factors (concordance rate), excess dopamine activity, enlarged ventricles, tissue loss

Question 41

What are some social factors to schizophrenia?

Answer 41

Recovery may be disturbed by family environments

Question 42

what are some disorders of neurodevelopment disorders?

Answer 42

Autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder

Question 43

What are personality disorders?

Answer 43

disorder characterized by deeply ingrained inflexibility with thinking, feeling, impulsiveness, and lack of empathy. There are 3 clusters.

Question 44

There are 3 clusters of personality disorders, what are they?

Answer 44

Cluster A: Cluster B: Cluster C

Question 45

What are examples of cluster A subtypes

Answer 45

*PSS* | Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

Question 46

What are some subtypes of cluster B personality disorders ?

Answer 46

*BHNAP* - BRO is dramatic, NAP Borderline personality disorder, Histrionic personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder, Anti-social personality disorder, psychopathy

Question 47

What are some subtypes of cluster C personality disorders?

Answer 47

*ADO* IS ANXIOUS | Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Question 48

What is the difference between Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Answer 48

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is characterized by extreme attention to detail that disrupts work, whereas OCD is characterized by disruptive thoughts that are folllowed by ritualistic behavior