Personality

Question 1

How did allport divide traits?

Answer 1

1. Cardinal Traits 2. Central Traits 3. Secondary traits

He saw traits as subparts of our personality, and identified tens of thousands of them

Question 2

How did Cattle divide traits?

Answer 2

He lowered the number to 16 factors, and 171 trait adjectives

Question 3

How did Eysenck divide traits?

Answer 3

2 main traits, and 1 optional.

1. Extraversion-introversion
2. Neuroticism-emotionally stable
3. Psychoticism

He viewed them as part of every personality .

Question 4

How are traits divided today?

Answer 4

The big 5

1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism

Question 5

What are the benefits to defining personalities by big 5

Answer 5

1. believed to be universal
2. prevents overlap
3. multiple observer agreeability
4. variable

Question 6

What did Eysenck view as the cause of extraversion?

Answer 6

Extraversion = low sensitivity to stimulus (weak reticular formation) 
Introversion = high sensitivity to stimulus (strong reticular formation)

Question 7

How did Jeffrey Gray expand on Eysenck’s view on extraversion?

Answer 7

Gray viewed extraversion being based on 2 brain systems: Behavioral activation system, and Behavioral inhibition system

Question 8

How can self-concept be organised?

Answer 8

Self-Narrative & Self-Schema

Question 9

How might the organisation of self-concept be related to memory?

Answer 9

episodic memory vs semantic memory

Question 10

How might a cognitive theorist view personality as opposed to a biologist?

Answer 10

A social-cognitive theorist would believe personality is a result of learning, and perception of the environment.
A biologist would believe it being caused by genetics and biological differences in the brain

Question 11

Which phenomenon might occur that causes us to be less sensitive to people’s opinions of us?

Answer 11

To view oneself through the eyes of a “generalized other” to maintain stability of oneself

Question 12

Which theorists may agree that the stable sense of self gives us comfort?

Answer 12

Existential theorists and psychoanalysts would see it this way

Question 13

What might we engage in to confirm the self-concept, and maintain stability?

Answer 13

Self-verification is the act of finding evidence to confirm self-concept. It’s a form of confirmation bias

Question 14

Which questionnaire is used to evaluate self-esteem?

Answer 14

Rosenburg Self-Esteem questionnaire

Question 15

What are 3 main benefits to self-esteem? Which theories support these benefits?

Answer 15

1. Social Status
2. Belonging
   - supported by evolutionary theory
3. Security
   - supported by existentialists and psychoanalysts

Question 16

How are personality differences explained?

Answer 16

Through 1. self-narrative 2. self-concept

Question 17

What is an example of implicit egotism

Answer 17

name-letter theory

Question 18

How are personality differences explained?

Answer 18

Through 1. Past experiences 2. Anticipated experiences

Question 19

What is a method used within the projective techniques?

Answer 19

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 20

Which theorists may used personality inventories to measure personality?

Answer 20

Trait-biologists used traits to define personality

Question 21

What are the 4 stages of psychosexual development?

Answer 21

*OAPLG* 
The idea that personality is determined during life's sensitive periods 
1. Oral Stage (0-1)
2. Anal Stage (1-3) 
3. Phallic Stage (3-6)
4. Latent Stage (6-12)
5. Genital stage (12+)

Question 22

Conflicts at any psychosexual stage results in _______. What are the different focuses of each stage?

Answer 22

Personality problems may occur from fixation

At Oral stage: addiction
Anal stage: conscientiousness/cleanliness Phallic Stage: Hostility towards same-sex parent (Oedipus and Electra complex)
Latency: communication development
Genital Stage: Furthering sexual maturity

Question 23

What are the different proposed causes for the male and female personality differences?

Answer 23

1. Biological
2. Social role theory (cultural standards reinforce expectations)
3. Bem Sex Role Inventory: androgynous psyche can actually be beneficial

Question 24

Who are the 4 main psychoanalysts who viewed personalities as a result of unconscious factors?

Answer 24

1. Sigmund Freud
2. Carl Jung
3. Alfred Adler
4. Karen Horney

Question 25

How did Freud view personality

Answer 25

Freud believed that through unconscious desires and thoughts, Freudian slips arise in a person

Question 26

What are the 3 conflicting systems?

Answer 26

Freud believed that the structure of the mind was upheld by the Id, Ego, and SuperEgo

Question 27

Which principles drive the three conflicting systems in Freudian thought

Answer 27

Id: Pleasure Principle
Ego: Reality Principle
Superego: Moral conscience

Question 28

How might anxiety be explained by Freud?

Answer 28

Conflict between the Id, Ego, and Superego, counteracted by various defense mechanisms

Question 29

Carl Jung believes that ego is conscious

T or F

Answer 29

F

Carl Jung believed that ego is both conscious and unconscious

Question 30

What are Carl Jung’s 3 dichotomies of personality?

Answer 30

1. Extraversion vs introversion
2. Sensing vs Intuiting
3. Thinking vs feeling

Question 31

How did Alfred Adler view causes of unconscious factors?

Answer 31

He looked at social imperatives of family and society’s effect on unconscious factors

Question 32

What are the 4 views on personalities?

Answer 32

1. Trait-Biologist
2. Psychoanalytic
3. Humanistic-Existential
4. Social-cognitive

Question 33

How does the type-trait theory encompass personality?

Answer 33

Viewed personality as 1. A behaviourial disposition and 2. cause of motivation

Question 34

How did psychoanalytic theory encompass personality?

Answer 34

viewed the unconscious drives as the underlying cause for personality

Question 35

How did humanistic-existential views combine their ideas of personality?

Answer 35

Humanistic believed in an innate positive nature as a reason for humans to accomplish full potential, and existential views incorporated the view that personality is a choice as we contemplate death and morality.

Question 36

How do social-cognitive theorists view personality?

Answer 36

Personalities and behaviors arise in situations and learning

Question 37

Karen Horney believed that personality is a result of interpersonal relationships. Most people have 10 neurotic needs, but they can become problematic if 4 of these criteria are present

Answer 37

1. Disproportionate in intensity
2. Indiscriminate in application
3. Disregard reality
4. Provokes intense anxiety

Question 38

The humanistic-existential theory maintained that _____ leads to human potential

Answer 38

flow (peak experiences)

Question 39

_____ arises from the unsettlement of knowledge within the context of life and death

Answer 39

Angst

Question 40

What is the person-situation controversy?

Answer 40

The question of which (personality or situation) dominates behavior

Question 41

the knowledge of self is stored in _______________,

Answer 41

autobiographical memory

Question 42

How can self-concept’s organization be proven?

Answer 42

The differentiation between self-narrative and self-schema can be proven by those with amnesia being able to retain their personality and original tendencies