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Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological disorder

A

A set of behavioural and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational or personal functioning

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2
Q

A mental illness is ________ based on specific symptoms and ________ with various types of medication and/or therapy

A

diagnosable; treatable

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3
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

The universal authority on the classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders; the current latest edition is the 5th edition

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4
Q

List the ten different types of psychological disorders.

A

1) Anxiety Disorders
2) Mood Disorders
3) Personality Disorders
4) Psychotic Disorders
5) Dissociative Disorders
6) Eating Disorders
7) Neurocognitive Disorders
8) Sleep Disorders
9) Somatofrom Disorders
10) Substance Related Disorder

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5
Q

What are ANXIETY disorders characterized by?

A

Excessive worry, uneasiness, apprehension and fear with both physiological and psychological symptoms

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6
Q

What are MOOD disorders characterized by?

A

A disturbance in mood or affect; two broad categories are distinguished by the presence or absence of a manic or hypomanic episode

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7
Q

What are PERSONALITY disorders characterized by?

A

Enduring maladaptive patterns of behaviour and cognition that depart from social norms and are displayed across a variety of contexts. These patterns of thought and behaviour develop early and cause significant dysfunction and distress

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8
Q

What are PSYCHOTIC disorders characterized by?

A

A general “loss of contact with reality” what can include delusions, hallucination and psychosis

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9
Q

What are DISSOCIATIVE disorders characterized by?

A

Disruptions in memory, awareness, identity or perception. Many dissociative disorders are thought ot be caused by psychological trauma.

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10
Q

What are EATING disorders characterized by?

A

Disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health

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11
Q

What are NEUROCOGNITIVE disorders characterized by?

A

A cognitive decline in memory, problem solving and perception

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12
Q

What are SLEEP disorders characterized by?

A

Interruption in sleep patterns

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13
Q

What are SOMATOFORM disorders characterized by?

A

Symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition, substance use, and are not attributable to another mental disorder

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14
Q

What are SUBSTANCE RELATED disorders characterized by?

A

Substance abuse and physical and mental dependence

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15
Q

List the seven types of anxiety.

A

1) Panic disorder
2) Generalized anxiety disorder
3) Specific phobia
4) Social phobia
5) Post-traumatic stress disorder
6) Acute stress disorder
7) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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16
Q

What can symptoms mimicking an anxiety disorder be casued by?

A

1) General medical conditions
2) Alcohol
3) Certain drugs
4) Medication use/withdrawal

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17
Q

Panic disorder

A

A psychological disorder characterized by clinically important pain whose onset or severity seems significantly affected by psychological factors

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18
Q

What is the requirement for a person suffering from a panic disorder?

A

Must have suffered at least one panic attack and is worried about having more of them.

Can be cued by situations, more often uncued

Often less than 30 minutes

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19
Q

What is a danger of a panic attack?

A

They can mask other illnesses such as heart attacks and mood disorders

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20
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

A psychological disorder characterized by tension or anxiety much of the time about many issues, but without the presence of anxiety attacks

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21
Q

What is the requirement for a person suffering from generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Person feels tense or anxious much of the time about many issues, but does not experience panic attacks.

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22
Q

Phobia

A

Strong unreasonable fear that almost always causes either general anxiety or a full panic attack

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23
Q

What are the four types of specific phobias?

A

1) Situational
2) Natural Environment
3) Blood-Injection-Injury
4) Animal

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24
Q

Social Phobia

A

An unreasonable, paralyzing fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated while one is watched by others, even while performing routine activities

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25
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

Disorder characterized by re-experiencing o the traumatic event through flashbacks or nightmares, hyper vigilance to one’s surroundings, and avoidance of situations related to the stressful event

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26
Q

What are some chronic physiological hyperarousal symptoms of an individual with PTSD?

A

1) Increased startle response
2) Insomnia
3) Angry outbursts
4) Poor concentration
5) Vigilance

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27
Q

PTSD requires an individual to be experiencing these symptoms for more than a month, what is the condition called for individuals that have been experiencing the symptoms for less than a month?

A

Acute stress disorder

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28
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

A psychological disorder characterized by obsessions, compulsions, or both

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29
Q

Obsessions

A

Repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety

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30
Q

Compulsions

A

Repeated physical or mental behaviours that are done in response to an obsession or in accordance with a set of strict rules, in order to reduce distress or prevent something dreaded from occurring

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31
Q

What is a somatoform disorder characterized by?

A

Primarily by physical symptoms and concerns, which may mimic physical (somatic) disease

Symptoms not explainable medically and do not improve with medical treatment

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32
Q

List five types of somatoform disorders.

A

1) Conversion disorder
2) Pain disorder
3) Somatization disorder
4) Body dysmorphic disorder
5) Hypochondriasis

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33
Q

What does a person experiencing a conversion disorder experience?

A

A change in sensory or motor function that has no discernible physical or physiological cause, and which seems to be significantly affected by psychological factors

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34
Q

When do the symptoms of a conversion disorder happen?

A

Begin or worsen after an emotional conflict or other stressor

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35
Q

What does a person with pain disorder (aka chronic pain syndrome) experience?

A

Clinically important pain whose onset or severity seems significantly affected by psychological factors. The pain causes significant distress or impairment in work, social or personal functioning

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36
Q

What does a person with somatization disorder experience?

A

A variety of physical symptoms over an extended time period.

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37
Q

A person with somatization disorder has had at least eight certain physical symptoms that begin before age 30 that occurred over several years and were not fully explained by any physical or physiological cause. What are those symptoms?

A

1) Pain in at least four areas of the body
2) At least two GI symptoms (not including pain)
3) At least one sexual symptom
4) At least one pseudoneurological symptom (ex. poor balance or double vision)

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38
Q

What does a person with body dysmorphic disorder experience?

A

Preoccupation with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance, often involving the face, hair, breasts or genitalia.

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39
Q

What does a person suffering from hypochondriasis experience?

A

Preoccupation with fears of having a serious illness for at least six months. Fears are based on a misinterpretation of bodily symptoms and they are not relieved when medical investigation reveals no illness.

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40
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A chronic, incapacitating disorder by which a person is out of touch with reality (psychotic) and suffers material impairment in social, occupational or personal functioning.

Person must have suffered at least two clear symptoms of psychosis for a significant portion of one month along with less extreme symptoms for at least 6 months

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41
Q

List the positive symptoms of psychosis (something is added).

A

1) Delusions
2) Hallucinations
3) Disorganized speech
4) Disorganized/Catatonic behaviour

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42
Q

List the negative symptoms of psychosis (something has been taken away).

A

1) Reduced/absent emotional expression
2) Reduced quantity or fluency of speech
3) Reduced initiative or will to do things (avolition)

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43
Q

How are the five main types of schizophrenia characterized?

A

By the type of psychosis the person experiences

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44
Q

List the five main types of schizophrenia.

A

1) Paranoid type
2) Disorganized type
3) Catatonic type
4) Undifferentiated type
5) Residual type

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45
Q

What is the psychosis form of Paranoid type schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations and/or delusions

Usually relating to a certain theme

If present negative symptoms are not prominent

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46
Q

Hallucination

A

A false sensory perception that occurs while a person is conscious.

Most common hallucinations are auditory and visual.

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47
Q

What is the difference between illusions and hallucinations?

A

A hallucination occurs in the absence of related sensory stimuli

Illusions are misperceptions of actual sensory stimuli

48
Q

Delusion

A

A false belief that is not due to culture and is not relinquished despite evidence that it is false.

49
Q

Overvalued Ideas

A

Beliefs that are firmly held despite a lack of evidence that they are true

50
Q

List the nine types of delusions.

A

1) Grandeur
2) Guilt
3) Ill Health
4) Jealousy
5) Control
6) Persecution
7) Poverty
8) Reference
9) Thought Control

51
Q

What is the psychosis form of disorganized-type schizophrenia?

A

Flat or inappropriate affect, disorganized speech and disorganized behavior (no apparent goal).

NO delusions and hallucinations and NOT usually organized around a theme.

52
Q

Disorganized speech

A

Often called loos associations, when words are connected by rhymes, sounds or free association instead of by normal language rules and logic.

53
Q

What is the psychosis form of catatonic-type schizophrenia?

A

Catatonic behavior; Stupor/motor immobility or hyperactivity not influence by external stimuli mutism/negativism; peculiar behavior; echolalia/echopraxia

54
Q

Negativism

A

Resisting instructions for no apparent reason

55
Q

Mannerisms

A

Unnecessary movements or flourishes during goal-directed behaviour

56
Q

Stereotypies

A

Recurring behaviours or poses that do not seem goal-directed

57
Q

Posturing

A

Assuming bizarre or inappropriate poses

58
Q

Echolalia

A

Involuntary repetition of others’ words

59
Q

Echopraxia

A

Involuntary repetition of others actions

60
Q

Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia

A

When the basic criteria for schizophrenia are met, but the symptoms do not fit into one of the subtypes

61
Q

Residual-type schizophrenia

A

When the acute phase has been resolved and the criteria for schizophrenia are no longer met, but the person still appears odd and some symptoms are still present in milder forms

62
Q

What does a person with a brief psychotic disorder display?

A

At least one basic psychotic symptom for less than a month

63
Q

What does a person with schizophreniform disorder display?

A

The symptoms of schizophrenia for a period of 1-6 months during which the symptoms may or may not have interfered with the person’s functioning in life.

64
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Both the symptoms or schizophrenia and a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode are experienced for at least a month

65
Q

What other disorders can also display symptoms of psychosis?

A

1) Mood disorders
2) Developmental disorders

66
Q

Mood Disorder

A

A persistent pattern of abnormal mood serious enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational or personal functioning

67
Q

Affect

A

A person’s visible emotion in the moment

68
Q

Mood

A

A person’s sustained internal emotion that colours his/her view of life

69
Q

List five mood disorders.

A

1) Major depressive disorder
2) Dysthymic disorder
3) Bipolar I disorder
4) Bipolar II disorder
5) Cyclothymic disorder

70
Q

What does a person suffering from major depressive disorder experience?

A

One or more major depressive episodes (a person has felt worse than usual for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks)

71
Q

An individual with major depressive disorder must have five of what symptoms?

A

1) Depressed mood
2) Decreased interest in activities
3) Significant increase/decrease in weight or appetite
4) Excessive/Insufficient sleep
5) Speeded/slowed psychomotor activity
6) Fatigue or loss of energy
7) Feelings of low self-worth/guilt
8) Impaired concentration or decision-making
9) Thoughts of death or suicide

72
Q

If these five symptoms occur within two months of bereavement do they still classify as major depressive disorder?

A

No

73
Q

Dysthymic disorder

A

A less intense, chronic form of depression. A person feels milder symptoms of depression most days for at least two years, with symptoms never absent for more than two months

74
Q

What does a person suffering from bipolar I disorder experience?

A

At least one manic or mixed episode

75
Q

What is experience in a manic episode?

A

Abnormal euphoric, unrestrained, or irritable moods with at least 3 of the following symptoms:

1) Grandiose, exaggerated or delusional self-esteem
2) High energy with little need for sleep
3) Increased talkativeness and pressured sleep
4) Poor judgment: increased psychomotor and goal-directed activity
5) Distractibility with flights or ideas or racing thoughts

76
Q

Mixed episode

A

A person has met the symptoms for both major depressive and manic episodes nearly every day for at least a week, symptoms are severe enough to cause psychotic features, hospitalization or impaired work, social or personal function

77
Q

What is the characteristic of bipolar II disorder?

A

Manic phases are less extreme, and experiences cyclic moods (hypomanic-depressed)

78
Q

Hypomanic episode

A

For at least four days, a person has experienced an abnormally euphoric or irritable mood with at least three of the symptoms for a manic episode but at a less severe level

79
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Person experiences cyclic moods including many hypomanic episodes as well as many episodes of depressed mood for at least 2 years. The mood swings have never been absent for more than two months

80
Q

Dissociative experience

A

Some of a person’s thoughts, feelings, perceptions, memories or behaviours are separated from conscious awareness and control, in a way that is not explainable as mere forgetfulness.

81
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

The disruptions in awareness, memory and identity are extreme and/or frequent, they cause distress or impair the person’s functioning.

82
Q

What usually trigger dissociative disorders?

A

Severe stress or psychological conflicts
-begin/end suddenly

83
Q

What does a person suffering from dissociative amnesia experience?

A

At least one episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal information, usually related to severe stress or trauma

84
Q

What is a localized dissociative amnesia episode?

A

Everything that happened during a particular time period is forgotten

85
Q

What is a selective dissociative amnesia episode?

A

Only some events during a particular time period are forgotten

86
Q

What is a generalized dissociative amnesia episode?

A

The person’s whole lifetime is forgotten

87
Q

What is a continuous dissociative amnesia episode?

A

Everything since a certain time frame is forgotten

88
Q

What is a systematized dissociative amnesia episode?

A

Only particular categories of information are forgotten (eg everything related toa persons family)

89
Q

What does a person suffering from dissociative fugue experience?

A

Suddenly goes on a journey, during which he/she cannot recall personal history prior to journey.

Journey lasts only few hours/days

May be disoriented, confused or violent

90
Q

What does a person suffering from dissociative identity disorder experience?

A

Alternates among two or more distinct personality state (or identities), only one of which interacts with other people at a time.

Identities may vary widely in age, gender and personal traits

Previously known as multiple personality disorder

91
Q

What does a person suffering from depersonalization disorder experience?

A

Recurring or persistent feelings of being cut off or detached from his/her body or mental processes as if observing themselves from the outside

May feel external world is unreal (derealization)

Knows feeling is not accurate, causes distress and impairs functioning

92
Q

Personality disorder

A

1) Pattern causes significant distress or impairment
2) Has been present since adolescence or young adulthood
3) Affects nearly all personal and social situations
4) Affects at least two of:
- affect
- cognition
- impulse control
- and/or interpersonal functioning

93
Q

What are the three categories of personality disorders?

A

1) Cluster A
2) Cluster B
3) Cluster C

94
Q

What disorders are included in Cluster A personality disorders?

A

Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders associated with irrational, withdrawn, cold or suspicious behaviours

95
Q

What disorders are included in Cluster B personality disorders?

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissitic personality disorders associated with emotional, dramatic, attention-seeking behaviours and intense conflict

96
Q

What disorders are included in Cluster C personality disorders?

A

Avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder associated with tense, anxious, over-controlled behaviours

97
Q

What does a person with paranoid personality disorder experience?

A

Mistrusts and misinterprets others’ motive and actions without sufficient cause, suspecting them of deceiving, harming, betraying or attacking him/her
-person tends to be guarded, tense and self-sufficient

98
Q

What does a person with schizoid personality disorder experience?

A

A loner with little interest or involvement in close relationships, even those with family members

  • seems unaffected emotionally by interactions with other people
  • appears detached or cold
99
Q

What does a person with schizotypal personality disorder experience?

A

Several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affecct; magical or paranoid thinking and odd beliefs, speech, behaviour, appearance and perceptions
-often leads to schizophrenia

100
Q

What does a person with antisocial personality disorder experience?

A

A history of severe behaviour problems beginning as a young teen. Includes significant aggression against people or animals, deliberate property destruction, lying or theft and serious rule violation.
-person has a history of repeatedly disregarding the rights of others in various ways, through illegal activities, dishonesty, impulsiveness, physical fights, disregard for safety, financial irresponsibility and lack of remorse

101
Q

What does a person suffering from borderline personality disorder suffer from?

A

Enduring or recurrent instability in his or her impulse control, mood and image of self and others.
Person terrified of abandonment by others
-self harming and suicide may occur

102
Q

What does a person suffering from histrionic personality disorder experience?

A

Strong desires to be the center of attention, often seeks to attract attention through personal appearance and seductive behaviour.
-expressions of emotion dramatic

103
Q

What does a person suffering from narcissistic personality disorder experience?

A

Feelings of grandiose self-importance, fantasies of beauty, brilliance and power.

  • desperate need for admiration
  • lack of empathy for others
104
Q

What does a person suffering from avoidant personality disorder experience?

A

Feelings of being inadequate, inferior and undesirable and is preoccupied with fears of criticism
-avoids interpersonal contact, risks and new activities unless person is sure they will be liked

105
Q

What does a person suffering from dependent personality disorder experience?

A

Feels a need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of himself/herself

  • trouble assuming responsibility and making decisions
  • clinging, submissive and afraid to express disagreement in realtionships
106
Q

Stress-diathesis theory of schizophrenia

A

That while genetics provides a predisposition for schizophrenia, environmental stressors elicit the onset of the disease

107
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

Suggest that the pathway for the neurotransmitter dopamine is hyerpactive in people with schizophrenia
-overabundance of DA and a hypersensitive DA system

108
Q

Other than the dopamine system what other area of the brain is overactive in schizophrenia?

A

The temporal lobes

109
Q

Hypofunction of what area of the brain maybe responsible for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

The frontal lobes

110
Q

What are some brain characteristics of individuals with schizophrenia?

A

1) Smaller brains due to atrophy
2) Increased ventricles (cavities in the brain)
3) Enlarged sulci and fissures (less folding)

111
Q

Depression has been linked to hypofunctioning in what pathways in the brain?

A

That involves neurotransmitters:

1) Dopamine
2) Serotonin
3) Norepineprhine

112
Q

Dementia

A

Severe loss of cognitive ability beyond what would be expected from normal aging

113
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease characterized by?

A

Anterograde amnesia; Visual memory impaired as well (lost and confused in terms of orientation)

114
Q

What type of disease is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Cortical disease -affects cortex

115
Q

What is the biological basis of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Formation of neuritic plaques (beta-amyloid fibers) and neurofibrillary tangles (clumps of tau protein)

Also some evidence to ACh dysfunction in the hippocampus

116
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A movement disorder caused by the death of cells that generate DA in the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra (subcortical structures)

117
Q

What are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

1) Resting tremor (shaking)
2) Slowed movement
3) Rigidity of movements of the face
4) Shuffling gait

Various MCAT Flashcards (5 decks)

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