Psychological Development of the Child

Question 1

patient assessment

Answer 1

• child age
• cognitive level
• temperament
• personality characteristics
• anxiety and fear
• reactions to strangers
• previous dental experiences
• maternal dental anxiety

Question 2

child development types (Stone and Church, 1975)

Answer 2

• infant
• toddler
• preschooler
• middle years child
• adolescent

Question 3

infant: age

Answer 3

birth to 15 months

Question 4

infant: characteristics

Answer 4

• stranger anxiety
• minimal dental intervention

Question 5

infant: dental intervention

Answer 5

• oral prophylaxis and fluoride application
• oral health education

Question 6

important to establish in infants to take care of primary teeth

Answer 6

• dental home
• anticipatory guideline

Question 7

toddler: age

Answer 7

15 months to 2 years

Question 8

toddler: characteristics

Answer 8

• ambivalent nature
• rapid development of verbal and cognitive skills
• developing and growing in knowledge but still immature
• incapable of perceiving dental measures needed or realizing significance of behavior in dental office

Question 9

preschooler: age

Answer 9

2 to 6 years old

Question 10

preschooler: characteristics

Answer 10

• wears his/her personality
• more skilled in the use of words and symbols
• more effective in intrapersonal communication
• influenced and shaped by their immediate environment

Question 11

best age to introduce physiognomic and euphemistic description of dental procedures

Answer 11

preschooler

Question 12

important method to a preschooler’s learning

Answer 12

modeling

Question 13

examples of psyiognomic and euphemistic descriptions of dental procedures

Answer 13

• rubber dam = raincoat
• radiograph = tooth picture
• prophy brush = electric toothbrush

Question 14

middle years child: age

Answer 14

6 to 12 years old

Question 15

middle years child: characteristics

Answer 15

• mixed dentition
• time of moderate to rapid physical growth
• time of reaching out for independent identity
• can accept reason
• anxiety can be dealt with a reasonable way by staff personnel and dentist

Question 16

adolescent: age

Answer 16

12 years to maturity

Question 17

adolescent: characteristics

Answer 17

• changes morphologically and emotionally
• self-awareness becomes intensified and results in new push for independence
• usually respond in appreciative manner

Question 18

age related psychosocial traits and skills: 2 years

Answer 18

• geared to gross motor skills
• likes to see and touch
• very attached to their parents
  -plays alone; rarely shares
• limited vocabulary (early sentence
  formation)
• interested in self-help skills

Question 19

age related psychosocial traits and skills: 3 years

Answer 19

• less egocentric; likes to please
• has creative imagination; likes stories
• remains closely attached to parent

Question 20

age related psychosocial traits and skills: 4 years

Answer 20

• tries to impose power
• participates in small social groups
• reaches out
• show many independent self-help skills
• knows how to say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’

Question 21

age related psychosocial traits and skills: 5 years

Answer 21

• undergoes period of ‘consolidation’; deliberate
• takes pride in possession
• relinquishes comfort objective
• plays cooperatively with peers

Question 22

behavior classification

Answer 22

• Frankl’s behavior
• Wright behavior

Question 23

Frankl’s behavior

Answer 23

• rating 1 (definitely negative)
• rating 2 (negative)
• rating 3 (positive)
• rating 4 (definitely positive)

Question 24

rating 1

Answer 24

(definitely negative)
- refusal of treatment
- forceful crying
- fearfulness
- overt evidence of extreme negativism

Question 25

rating 2

Answer 25

(negative)
- reluctance to accept treatment - not combative
- uncooperativeness
- evidence of negative attitude but not pronounced

Question 26

rating 3

Answer 26

(positive)
- acceptance to treatment
- cautious behavior
- willingness to comply with reservation but follow dentist’s instructions cooperatively

Question 27

rating 4

Answer 27

(definitely positive)
- good rapport with dentist
- interest in dental procedure
- enjoyment

Question 28

Wright’s classification

Answer 28

• cooperative
• lacking in cooperative ability
• potentially cooperative

Question 29

cooperative

Answer 29

• minimal apprehension
• straightforward behavior-shaping
• pharmacologic approach

Question 30

lacking in cooperative ability

Answer 30

• less than 3 yrs in age
• pre-cooperative stage
• handicapped conditions
• communication cannot be established

Question 31

potentially cooperative

Answer 31

• may be healthy or disabled
• has capability to behave well
• behavior can be modified

Question 32

Wright’s classification - 6 different types of personality

Answer 32

• uncontrolled/hysterical
• defiant
• tense-cooperative
• timid and shy
• whining
• stoic behavior

Question 33

uncontrolled/hysterical

Answer 33

• preschool children at 1st visit
• temper tantrums

Question 34

defiant

Answer 34

• spoiled/stubborn children
• can be cooperative

Question 35

tense-cooperative

Answer 35

• borderline between positive and negative behavior
• do not resist treatment but tensed

Question 36

timid and shy

Answer 36

• overprotective child at first
• shy but cooperative

Question 37

whining

Answer 37

• allows for treatment but complains throughout procedure
• delaying procedure

Question 38

stoic behavior

Answer 38

• physically abused children
• cooperative and passively accept treatment without any facial expression