Psychodynamic & Humanistic therapies Flashcards
Freudian psychoanalysis reflects a ________________ of human nature that views current psychological problems as being due to __________________.
-deterministic and pessimistic view
-unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose during childhood.
What is the cause of anxiety according to Fruedian Psychoanalysis?
unconscious unresolved conflicts that;
a) arose during childhood and
b) are the result of the divergent demands of the three aspects of personality (id, ego, superego)
The id is present ____, and its ____ and ____ instincts are the primary source of psychic energy. It operates according to ____ and seeks ____ of its instinctual needs using ____.
- at birth
- life (sexual)
- death (aggression)
- the pleasure principle
- immediate gratification
- unconscious irrational means
The ego develops at ________ and operates according to ________. Although it also seeks to ________, it attempts to do so ________
- about six months of age
- the reality principle
- at least partially gratify the id’s instincts
- in realistic rational ways.
The superego is the ________ aspect of personality to develop. It represents the internalization of ________ and acts as ________. It attempts to ________ the id’s instincts.
- last
- society’s values and standards
- the conscience
- permanently block (rather than gratify)
Freud’s theory proposes that, when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the ________ using rational means, it resorts to one of its ________.
- id and superego
- defense mechanisms
Repression
the basis of all other defense mechanisms, is involuntary, and involves keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness.
Denial
is an immature defense mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality.
*Methods of denial include ignoring, distorting, and rejecting reality.
Reaction Formation
involves defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite
Projection
involves attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person
Sublimation
involves channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor.
The main goals of Freudian psychoanalysis are:
a) to make the unconscious conscious
b) to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings and irrational guilt”
The primary technique of psychoanalysis is analysis of ________, and the process of analysis consists of which four steps?
-the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference
-1) confrontation, 2) clarification, 3) Interpretation, 4) repeated interpretation and catharisis
________ involves helping clients recognize behaviors they’ve been unaware of and their possible cause.
Confrontation
________ brings the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by separating important details from extraneous material.
Clarification
________ involves explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes.
Interpretation
Repeated interpretation leads to ________ and ________ and then to ________, which is a gradual process during which the client accepts and integrates new insights into his/her life.
- catharsis (the experience of repressed emotions)
- insight into the connection between unconscious material and current behavior
- working through
Jung believed that behavior ________, that personality ________, and that behavior is affected by ________.
- is driven by both positive and negative forces
- continues to develop throughout the lifespan
- the past and the future
Jung divided the unconscious aspect of the psyche into the ________ and ________ unconscious.
- personal
- collective
The personal unconscious consists of ________, while the collective unconscious consists of ________.
- a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories
- memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next.
Archetypes
- universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circumstances
- expressed in myths, symbols, and dreams and include the persona, shadow, hero, and anima and animus.
What is the primary goal of analytical psychotherapy?
to bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate the process of individuation
Individuation occurs ________ and is “the process by which a person becomes a psychological ‘in-dividual,’ that is, a separate, indivisible unity or whole” (Jung, 1968, p. 275)
primarily during the second half of life
What are the techniques of Jung’s analytical psychotherapy?
- dream interpretation
- analysis of transference; which Jung viewed as being due to the projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious.
Adler, like Jung, also rejected some aspects of Freudian theory. For instance, he replaced Freud’s sexual instincts with ________ and ________ and adopted a ________ that emphasizes ________.
- an innate social interest
- desire for social connectedness
- teleological approach
- the effects of future goals on current behavior
Adler proposed that people are motivated by ________ that arise during childhood in response to ________ and by a ________ to overcome inferiority feelings.
- feelings of inferiority
- real or imagined inadequacies
- striving for superiority
Adler’s style of life
- describes the ways in which a person strives for superiority
- develops during early childhood.
According to Adler, people have adopted a healthy style of life when their goals ________. In contrast, they’ve adopted a mistaken (unhealthy) style of life when their goals ________ and ________.
- reflect not only concerns for personal achievement but also for the well-being of others
- focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority
- reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others
Adler viewed neurosis, psychosis, addiction, and other problems as being manifestations of ________.
a mistaken style of life
What are the primary goals of Adlerian psychotherapy?
1) replace the client’s mistaken style of life with a healthier, more adaptive one
2) help the client overcome feelings of inferiority
3) develop a stronger social interest.
What are some strategies of Alderian psychotherapy?
- identifying early recollections
- dream analysis
- having clients act “as if” they’re already the people they want to be.
Therapies based on object relations theory view behavior as being motivated primarily by ________, and they focus on the impact of ________ on ________.
- a desire for human relationships
- early relationships between a child and primary caregivers (objects)
- the child’s future relationships
________ refers to the development of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy the individual’s needs
object constancy
According to Mahler (Mahler, Pine, & Bergman, 1975), the development of object constancy takes place during which three stages?
1) The normal autistic stage
2) the normal symbiotic stage
3) the separation-individuation stage
The normal autistic stage occurs ________. During this stage, infants are ________ and ________.
- during the first few weeks of life
- totally self-absorbed
- unaware of the external environment
During the normal symbiotic stage infants become ________ but are unable to ________.
- aware of the external environment
- differentiate themselves from their caregivers
The separation-individuation stage begins ________ and continues ________. It consists of which four substages during which object constancy gradually develops?
- at about five months of age
- until the child is about three years old
- (1)differentiation, (2)practicing, (3)rapprochement, and (4)beginning of object constancy.
According to Mahler and other object relations theorists, narcissism, borderline personality disorder, and other psychiatric disorders are often due to ________.
problems during the separation-individuation process that cause a pervasive failure of object constancy
What are the primary goals of object relations therapy?
1) provide clients with a corrective reparenting experience
2) replace the client’s maladaptive introjects with more adaptive ones
3) improve relationships
Object-relations therapists provide clients with ________ and use a number of psychoanalytic strategies in therapy including the analysis of ________ and ________.
- empathic acceptance
- resistance
- transference
In terms of similarities, humanistic and existential therapies both:
- focus on the here-and-now
- adopt a phenomenological orientation (i.e. prioritize a client’s subjective experience over objective reality)
- reject the medical model and use of clinical labels
- concentrate on a client’s internal qualities and perspective rather than the client’s symptoms
In terms of differences, humanistic therapies emphasize ________ and help clients ________. In contrast, existential therapies emphasize ________ and help clients ________ and ________.
- acceptance and growth
- become more fully-functioning and self-actualizing
- freedom and responsibility
- confront the anxieties that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition
- cultivate authentic engagement with one’s world
Rogers’s person-centered therapy (/client-centered therapy) is based on the assumption that all people have ________, which motivates them to achieve their full potential.
an innate drive toward self-actualization
According to Rogers, people experience psychological maladjustment when:
- self-actualization is thwarted
- the person experiences incongruence between his/her self-concept and experience (i.e. conditions of worth)
- the person reacts to incongruence defensively by distorting or denying their experiences
The primary goal of person-centered therapy is to:
Help the client become a “fully functioning person” who is;
a) not defensive,
b) open to new experiences,
c) engaged in the process of self-actualization.
What are the 3 facilitative core conditions that person-centered therapists provide clients with?
1) Empathy: understanding the client’s perspective and communicating that understanding to the client
2) Unconditional positive regard: valuing and accepting the client as a person
3) Congruence: being genuine, authentic, and honest
Gestalt therapy is based on the assumptions that:
(a) people are motivated to ________, and
(b) people seek to ________.
a) maintain a state of homeostasis, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled physical and psychological needs
b) obtain something from the environment to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis
According the Gestalt therapists, Neurosis (maladjustment) occurs when there’s ________ that interferes with the person’s ability to fulfill needs.
a persistent disturbance in the boundary between the person and the environment
What are examples of boundary disturbances in Gestalt therapy?
- Introjection
- projection
- Retroflection
- deflection
- confluence
________ occurs when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without evaluation or awareness, while ________ occurs when people attribute undesirable aspects of themselves to other people.
introjection
projection
________ occurs when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others; ________ occurs when people avoid contact with the environment; and ________ occurs when people blur the distinction between themselves and others.
retroflection
deflection
confluence
Gestalt therapists consider ________ to be the curative factor in therapy.
gaining awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions
What are two of the main strategies used by Gestalt therapists?
1) Dream work: involves having the client role-play parts of his/her dream that represent disowned parts of the client’s personality.
2) The empty-chair technique: requires the client to interact with opposing aspects of his/her personality (e.g., top dog and underdog) or to resolve “unfinished business” with a significant person in the client’s past or present
In contrast to psychodynamic therapists, Gestalt therapists ________ foster or interpret a client’s transference but, instead, ________.
- do not
- help the client distinguish between his/her “transference fantasy” and reality
Existential therapies emphasize ________ and are based on the assumption that ________.
- personal responsibility and choice
- each person must ultimately define his/her personal existence
Existential therapists view psychological disturbances as ________ that arise when facing four ultimate concerns of existence: ________, ________, ________, and ________.
- the result of an inability to resolve conflicts
- death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless
According to existential psychologists, what are the two types of anxieties?
1) Normal (existential) anxiety: is in proportion to an objective threat, does not involve repression, and can be used constructively to identify and confront the conditions that elicited it and motivate positive change.
2) Neurotic anxiety: is disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential.
Normal (existential) anxiety is ________ to objective threat, while neurotic anxiety is ________ to an objective threat.
- in proportion
- disproportionate
Normal (existential) anxiety ________ repression, while neurotic anxiety ________repression.
- does not involve
- involves
The primary goals of existential therapy are to:
Help clients lead more authentic lives
by:
a) assisting them in taking charge of their life
b) helping them choose for themselves the values and purposes that will define and guide their existence
c) supporting them in actions that express these values and purposes
Existential therapists consider ________ to be the most important therapeutic tool but may use other techniques such as ________, ________, and ________.
- an authentic therapist-client relationship
- questioning
- interpretation
- reframing
Glasser’s (1965) reality therapy is based on ________, which proposes that people have ________ and that ________ determine whether he/she has ________.
- choice theory
- five basic innate needs (love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival)
- the ways a person chooses to fulfill his or her needs
- a success or failure identity
In reality therapy, when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs responsibly (in positive, constructive ways that don’t infringe on the rights of others), the person has adopted a ________. In contrast, when a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs irresponsibly (in negative, destructive ways that infringe on the rights of others and do not always help the person get what he/she wants), the person has adopted a ________.
- success identity
- failure identity
The primary goal of reality therapy is to:
replace the client’s failure identity with a success identity by;
a) helping the client assume responsibility for his or her actions, and
b) adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill his or her needs.
What is the WDEP system used by reality therapists to summarize strategies?
Therapists ask clients about their…
Wants and needs,
Determine what the client is currently doing to foster awareness of his/her behaviors,
Encourage the client evaluate his/her own behaviors, and help the client create a
Plan of action.
As described by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000), positive psychology “is about valued ________: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present)” (p. 5)
subjective experiences
An important characteristic of positive psychology is its emphasis on using ________ to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions.
the scientific method
According to Seligman’s (2011) PERMA model, what are the five essential elements of well-being?
Positive emotions (P): refers to experiencing pleasure, hope, gratitude, love, and other positive emotions.
Engagement (E): refers to being truly engaged in situations or tasks and is characterized by being in a state of “flow”
Relationships (R): refers to having positive and meaningful interpersonal relationships.
Meaning (M) refers to being dedicated to a cause that’s bigger than oneself.
Accomplishment-achievement (A): refers to striving to better oneself and accomplish one’s goals.
Kelly’s (1963) personal construct therapy focuses on ________.
how people construe (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events.
According to Kelly, construing involves the use of personal constructs, which are:
a) bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant)
b) arise from a person’s experiences
c) may operate on an unconscious or conscious level.
Practitioners of personal construct therapy consider the therapist and client to be ________ to help the client ________.
- partners who work together
- identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs
Kelly’s fixed role therapy
- intended to help clients try out alternative personal constructs.
- involves having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist and construes events in alternative ways.
