Cross-Cultural Issues – Identity Development Models

Question 1

What are the 5 stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID) Model?

Answer 1

1. Conformity: prefers majority group over own minority group
2. Dissonance: has conflicting attitudes towards majority and own minority group
3. Resistance and Immersion: prefers own minority group and rejects majority group
4. Introspection: is concerned about his/her inflexibile attitudes towards own group and majority group
5. Integrative Awareness: accepts/rejects aspects of all cultures based on evaluation

Question 2

What are the 5 stages of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model?

Answer 2

1. Pre-Encounter: negative attitudes toward Black culture and peference for White culture
2. Encounter: increased awareness of race/racism due to a negative race-related experience
3. Immersion-Emersion: Immersion in Black culture and rejection of White culture
4. Internalization: internalization of a Black identity and tolerance and racial and cultural differences
5. Internalization-Commitment: committed to bringing about social justice for all minority groups

Question 3

According to Cross and Vandiver’s (2001) revisions of the Black Racial Identity Development Model, what are the 3 subtypes of the Pre-encounter stage?

Answer 3

• assimilation
• miseducation
• self-hatred

Question 4

According to Cross and Vandiver’s (2001) revisions of the Black Racial Identity Development Model, what are the 2 subtypes of the Immersion-emersion stage?

Answer 4

• intense Black involvement subtype
• anti-White subtype

Question 5

According to Cross and Vandiver’s (2001) revisions of the Black Racial Identity Development Model, what are the 3 subtypes of the Internalization stage?

Answer 5

• Black nationalist
• biculturalist
• multiculturalist

Question 6

WRID Model consists of two phases – ________ and ________. Each phase includes ____ statuses, and each status is characterized by a different ________ that people use to think about race-related issues.

Answer 6

• abandonment of racism
• defining a nonracist White identity
• three
• information processing strategy (IPS)

Question 7

What are the 6 statuses of Helms’s White Racial Identity Development (WRID) Model?

Answer 7

1. Contact: lack of awareness of racism and satisfaction with the racial status quo, “color-blind” (IPS: obliviousness)
2. Disintegration: increased awareness of race and racism leads to moral conflicts (IPS: suppression and ambivalence)
3. Reintegration: attempt to resolve conflicts by accepting dominant ideology of White superiority and minority and minority inferiority (IPS: selective perception and negative out-group distortion)
4. Pseudo-Independence: event leads to discomfort with racist veiws but response to discomfort is superfical and paternalistic (IPS: reshaping reality and selective perception)
5. Immersion-Emersion: awareness of white privilege and racial biases and interest in combating racism (IPS: hypervigilance and reshaping)
6. Autonomy: internalization of non-racist White identity and positive attitudes about diversity (IPS: flexibility and complexity)

Question 8

The multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI) developed by Sellers and his colleagues (1998) distinguishes between four dimensions of racial identity:

Answer 8

1) Racial salience is the extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of his/her self-concept at a particular point in time and in a particular situation.
2) Racial centrality is the extent to which a person normatively defines him/herself in terms of race
3) Racial regard includes private and public regard.
4) Racial ideology refers to a person’s beliefs and opinions about the ways African Americans should live and interact with society