Psychodynamic Approach

Question 1

What is assumption 1

Answer 1

Tripartite personality model

Question 2

What is the id

Answer 2

‘Devil on the shoulder’
Drives hunger
Pleasure principle
Starts at birth

Question 3

What is our ego

Answer 3

Develops aged 2
Makes compromise and puts the ID’s impulse in line with reality
Reality principle

Question 4

What is the superego

Answer 4

Develops aged 3-5
Judges whether actions are moral or immoral
Morality principle
‘Angel on your shoulder’

Question 5

What is the 2nd approach

Answer 5

The unconscious mind

Question 6

What is the iceberg model

Answer 6

Top - conscious - thoughts/perceptions
Middle - subconscious - memories/stored knowledge
Bottom - unconscious - fears, sexual desires, violent irrational wishes

Question 7

How to access our unconscious level

Answer 7

-parapraxes (Freudian slip)
-dream analysis
-ink blot test
-word association

Question 8

What are the 3 mechanisms - assumption 2

Answer 8

Displacement
Projection
Repression

Question 9

What’s displacement

Answer 9

Redirecting unacceptable feelings from the source to a safer target e.g taking anger for your boss out on your partner

Question 10

What’s repression

Answer 10

Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory in the unconscious e.g not remembering a traumatic incident when witnessing a crime

Question 11

What’s projection

Answer 11

Attributing ones own unacceptable feelings to others and not yourself e.g accusing your partner of cheating because you had thoughts of doing the same

Question 12

What’s assumption 3

Answer 12

Childhood experience

Question 13

What are the 5 psychosexual stages

Answer 13

Oral - 0-18m
Anal - 18m-3y
Phallic - 3-5y
Latency - 5-puberty
Genital - puberty +

Question 14

What does the libido focus on at the oral stage

Answer 14

Mouth

Question 15

What does the libido focus on at the anal stage

Answer 15

Anus (potty training)

Question 16

What does the libido focus on in the phallic stage

Answer 16

Genitals (external) (immaturity)

Question 17

Libido focus at the latency stage

Answer 17

So sexual motivation

Question 18

Libido focus in genital stage

Answer 18

Internal genitals

Question 19

How can fixation occur

Answer 19

Frustration
Overindulgence

Question 20

What is frustration

Answer 20

The stage has not been resolved because the needs haven’t been met - child is under satisfied

Question 21

What is over indulgence

Answer 21

The needs have the child have been more than satisfied - child is too comfortable and reluctant to move to the next stage

Question 22

What is the Oedipus complex

Answer 22

Males only (castration anxiety)
Boy desires mum - wants to have sex
Boy sees father as a rival for mothers attention
Fears his father will find out and castrate him
Boy resolves conflict by identifying with father
Development of super ego substitutes from mum to other women

Question 23

What is the electra complex

Answer 23

Females only
Sexually desires father
Girls get ‘penis envy’ and blame mum
Girl sees mum as sexual rival
To resolve conflict she identify with mum
Super ego develops as does gender identity
Replaces penis envy with desire for child

Question 24

What is secondary elaboration

Answer 24

Unconscious mind collects different images and ties them together to make a story

Question 25

What is the psychodynamic therapy

Answer 25

Dream analysis

Question 26

What is dreams as wish fulfilment - component 1 of dream analysis

Answer 26

S- dreams protect sleeper and allow for some expression of deeper desires E-dreams=unconscious fulfilment of wishes that cannot be satisfied in the conscious E- e.g inappropriate sexual acts or murders

Question 27

What is symbolic nature of dreams - component 2 dream analysis

Answer 27

S-dreams filtered through layers of symbolism (protects the conscious from harm) E- manifest content = what the patient recalls Latent content = hidden meaning unconverted by therapist E- symbols represented in dreams e.g water=birth king/queen=mum/dad

Question 28

What is dream work - component 3 of dream analysis

Answer 28

S-latent content is transferred into manifest E- condensation = condensing 2 ideas into one Symbolism = replaces the action/thing with a symbol Representation = thoughts = visual images Displacement = emotional significance displaced to another thing to protect us Secondary elaboration = ties images together to make a logical story

Question 29

Role of the therapist - component 4 of dream analysis

Answer 29

S-uncover latent content by examining the manifest content E-also consider the individuals life - context E-final decision is made by the patient after hearing the therapist’s interpretations

Question 30

Evaluate the therapy - client therapist relationship- ethics

Answer 30

S-weakness E-power imbalance E-therapists advice may cause over-dependence on their progress W-issue as the therapist may be more harm than good

Question 31

Evaluation of the therapy - research support - effectiveness

Answer 31

S-strength E-research suggests dreaming and primary process thinking are linked E-solms PET scans showed their rational thoughts = inactive and memory = active W- strength as its scientific method

Question 32

Evaluation of therapy - case studies - effectiveness

Answer 32

S-weakness E-case studies on own patients E-e.g Dora and wolf man W- weakness as its subjective and bias - unscientific

Question 33

Aim of the classical evidence

Answer 33

To see if there was association between delinquent behaviour and separation from mother

Question 34

Was is the methodology

Answer 34

-case study -44 thieves -44 non delinquent

Question 35

Features of the experimental group

Answer 35

Stealing problem Over half were under 11 31 boys 13 girls Aged 5-17 Binet scale: 50% had IQ between 85-114 15 has higher 2 had lower

Question 36

Features of the control group

Answer 36

Similar age and intelligence Didn’t steal Mothers were also involved to give background info

Question 37

Bowlbys findings

Answer 37

Children fit into 6 character types - main one was affectionless = 14 No affectionless characters in the control 12/14 had separation from mother 13/14 were ranked grade 4 4 thieves had psychotic families Affectionless character = lack normal affection, shame or sense of responsibility

Question 38

Bowlbys findings - case study

Answer 38

Derek b Separation from mother during critical period for 9 months Was violent and stole =affectionless IQ =125

Question 39

Bowlbys initial procedure

Answer 39

Opportunity sample Given mental tests and Binet scale Emotional attitude recorded Social worker interviewed their mums on their psychotic history 2h examination Report back to Bowlbys Team discussed school life/other reports Discussed conclusions

Question 40

Bowlby procedure - therapy

Answer 40

Most continued therapy 1x a week for 6 months Mothers talked about issues with the social worker They could diagnose any emotional problems

Question 41

What is conclusion 1

Answer 41

Awareness should be raised of the damage maternal deprivation can have

Question 42

It is probably true to say that the affection-less character always steals and usually reoffends

Question 43

3rd conclusion

Answer 43

Affection-less thieves have a remarkably distinct early history of prolonged separation from mother

Question 44

Evaluation of research - alternative evidence - rutter

Answer 44

S-strength E-supports Bowlbys findings as Rutter said rates of recovery links to age of adoption E-children adopted before 6months had an IQ at 16 W- strenght as it adds credibility to Bowlbys findings

Question 45

Evaluation of research - sample

Answer 45

S-weakness E-not representative E-small area and only emotionally disturbed children W-cant generalise to ‘normal kids’

Question 46

Evaluation of research - biased data

Answer 46

S-strength E-rich, in depth, qualitative E-high ecological validity W-minimal researcher manipulation

Question 47

Evaluation of research - no casual findings

Answer 47

S-weakness E-cant establish cause and effect E-affectionless character could cause seperation? Vise versa W-weakness as its not 100% accurate - there are other external factors

Question 48

Deterministic

Answer 48

S-weakness E-removes the uniqueness from humans E- removes the sense of responsibility W-to generic

Question 49

Applications

Answer 49

S-strength E-briggs et al - reduction in suicide and self harm for patients under going psychoanalytic therapy E-can help to improve people mental health W-beneficial for wider society

Question 50

Unscientific

Answer 50

S-weakness E-does not use scientific methods E- it is unfalseifable as the unconscious mind cannot be studied W- weakness because it cannot be used by other psychologists