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Psychology Paper 1 > Behaviourist Approach > Flashcards

Behaviourist Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

1st assumption

A

Humans are born a blank slate
Nothing is inate
Nurture
Environmental determinism
Tabula rasa = blank slate
Born with basic responses: crying, pain and hunger

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2
Q

2nd assumption

A

Behaviour is learned through conditioning
Classical = learned by association
Operant = learn by consequence

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Stage 1-
US - UR
NS - no response

Stage 2-
US + NS - UR

Stage 3-
CS - CR

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4
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Positive reinforcement - reward that increases likelihood of action being repeated
Negative reinforcement - unpleasant experience removed after actions so more likely to repeat
Punishment - stimulus that weakens behaviour (unpleasant = avoid)

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5
Q

3rd assumption

A

Humans and animals learn in similar ways
Pavlov and skinner
E.g
Classical conditioning - aversion therapy
Operant conditioning - token economy

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6
Q

Aims of aversion therapy

A

Develop a strong dislike to something ‘aversion’ to a stimulus
Can treat:
Drug/alcohol abuse
Gambling
Smoking

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7
Q

Main component of aversion therapy

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Covert sensitation
New developments

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8
Q

Classical conditioning- aversion therapy

A

E.g give alcoholic sickness drug (UCS-UCR)
Pair drugs with alcohol(UCS +NS - UCR)
Association will cause them to avoid alcohol (CS-CR)

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9
Q

Covert sensitisation - aversion therapy

A

Encourages imagination
No physical unpleasant stimuli
E.g imagine becoming homeless when gambling

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10
Q

Operant conditioning - aversion therapy

A

Once association is made (classical) the person tends to avoid it
E.g alcoholic avoid the pub
Negative reinforcement is now motivating them to avoid stimulus

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11
Q

New developments - aversion therapy

A

Tryptophan metabolites - stops alcohol breaking down properly so it creates negative effects
However when alcohol is avoided it creates feelings of tranquility

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12
Q

Apply assumption 1 to the therapy

A

Covert sensitisation- we can teach ourself associations as nothing is inate

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13
Q

Apply assumption 2 to the therapy

A

Same principle but changes association and replaces pleasure with unpleasant state
- this should suppress desired behaviour

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14
Q

Evaluation of therapy - research to support

A

S- strength
E- smith found alcoholics sober after 1 year of therapy
E- helpful for certain addictions
W- strength as its successful and can help others

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15
Q

Evaluation of therapy - patient drop out

A

S- weakness
E-Bancroft found 50% did not complete the full programme
E- shows high drop out rates
W- can’t evaluate the effectiveness as the willing participants are trying to to change/want to

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16
Q

Evaluation of therapy - treatment of homosexuality (ethics)

A

S- weakness
E- e.g men being shown imagine of ‘pin up’ males when on drugs or in unpleasant situations
E- carried out until 2006 in a way to stop homosexuality
W- weakness as it was highly unethical and caused life long emotional and physical harm to individuals

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17
Q

Watson and Rayners methodology

A

Albert ‘little albert’
Controlled observation
He was well developed and emotionally stable

18
Q

What was Alberts conditioning schedule

A

Loud noise (us) - fear (ur)
Rat (Ns) - no response
Noise + rat (us+ns) - fear (ur)
Rat (cs) - fear (cr)

19
Q

Watson and Rayners initial procedure

A

Tested him at 9months with a rabbit, dog, monkey, mask and cotton wool
Showed no fear

20
Q

Observation 1 procedure

A

11 months 3 days
White rat presented then shown again with bar struck behind him

21
Q

Observation 2 procedure

A

11 months 10 days
Rat alone then blocks in between as distraction then repeated rat and loud bar

22
Q

Observation 3 procedure

A

11 months 15 days
Introduced new stimuli like fur, cotton wool, his hair, Santa mask - also the rabbit rat and building blocks in between

23
Q

Observation 4 procedure

A

Location changes to a well lit lecture room with mattress on the floor - 11 months 20 days
Repeat of the rat in new location with repeated exposure of rat and noise - also shown new stimuli like dog barking

24
Q

Observation 5 procedure

A

12 months 21 days
Shown most stimuli like rat, rabbit, mask but no joint stimuli

25
Q

Observation 1 findings

A

Fell forward and whimpered

26
Q

Observation 2 findings

A

Played happily with blocks but fell, cried and tried to crawl away

27
Q

Observation 3 findings

A

Rabbit and rat he fell and whimpered whereas other things he was less bothered (kicked with his feet)

28
Q

Observation 4 findings

A

Rat = bent over crying + lifted his hands
Dog = fell over when it barked

29
Q

Observation 5 findings

A

Rat he leaned back and covered his eyes and was scared/withdrew from all stimuli

30
Q

Incidental findings

A

When scared he sucked he’s thumb to remove his fears

31
Q

1st conclusion of classic research

A

Study shows conclusively that directly conditioned emotional responses do occur when there was previously no response

32
Q

2nd conclusion of classic research

A

Stimulus generalisation
E.g rat - rabbit, dog, fur, cotton wool, Santa mask etc

33
Q

3rd conclusion of classic research

A

The view is that the response (fear) will persist and modify personality throughout life

34
Q

Evaluation of research - protection from harm

A

S- weakness
E-didn’t remove fears, life long trauma
E- shouldn’t experience more stress than daily life = breached
W- weakness as its permanently damaged him

35
Q

Evaluation of research - alternative evidence

A

S- strength
E- research supporting
E- OH mower said operant conditioning maintains phobias and classical conditioning creates them
W- supports that behaviour can be conditioned

36
Q

Evaluation of research - informed consent

A

S- weakness
E- Albert is too young to give full informed consent
E- only his mum consented but not to the extent of research
W- weakness breaches ethical guidelines

37
Q

Evaluation of research - methodology

A

S- strength
E- highly controlled environment - base line tests at 9 months
E- recorded/filmed - impacts ecological validity as it was an empty dark room with 4 strangers
W- strength due to control of variables

38
Q

Evaluation - application

A

S- strength
E-can help people in real life situations
E-more valid if it can help wider population e.g aversion therapy for alcoholics
W-strength as it benefits wider society

39
Q

Evaluation- reductionism

A

S- weakness
E-reduces complex human behaviour to simple stimulus response
E- this is too basic explanation
W- weakness as it ignores other factors of explanation of behaviour

40
Q

Evaluation - deterministic

A

S- weakness
E-removes personal and moral responsibility for behaviour
E-as a result of us being born a ‘blank slate’
W- weakness as it generalises too much and takes away personal responsibility

41
Q

Evaluation- scientific

A

S- strength
E-uses a scientific method
E- adds credibility and support to the key concepts
W- strength as it is a trusted result and can be published

42
Q

Debate - should we use conditioning on children

A

ON PAPER FLASHCARDS - IN FOLDER

Psychology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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