psychobiological models of addiction lect 3 Flashcards
genetics
twin studies
-comparing MZ and DZ twins shows 50% variation in risk of becoming addicted (brewer and potenza)
proteins
-addiction related to proteins that alter cell and drug action
-amount of enzyme responsible for metabolism of certain drugs may be missing or reduced due to genetic reasons
genes
-certain genes or bio diff may render people more/less prone to addiction e.g sensitivity to withdrawal symptoms, greater/lesser effects of drug etc
heritability
-substance use disorder runs in families
-may be genetic or psychosocial factors at play here
utah’s uni genetics research findings
-mice that make more protein from gene Mpdz experience less severe withdrawal
-A1 allele of da receptor gene DRD2 is more common in people addicted to alcohol, cocaine, opioids
-mice with variations of Per1 and Per2 genes drink more alcohol than other mice particularly under stress - humans
and particularly teens follow this pattern
-gene PSD-95 codes for proteins involved in learning and memory, mice that are super sensitive to cocaine seem to make half as much of this protein compared to normal
-in rats, missing the mGluR2 receptor adds risk and protection: rats get fewer rewarding effects from cocaine, if they have to work hard for the drug they tend not to bother, if available they consume a lot more to feel effects
what is the question regarding behavioural addictions
can non drug related activities be addictive
potenza research
-looked at gambling disorder to see if it has features in common with drug addiction
-conclusions were that gambling disorder has important similar features indicating gambling is a stand alone addiction
koepp et al 1998
found indiv who find video games highly engaging have an activation of da in the striatum
what is the diff between drug and behavioural addictions
-drugs: direct action on neurotransmitters and on reward systems in brain
-behavioural: less of direct activity on neurotransmitters and reward systems on brain (they might influence these things in the end but they are not direct chemical agonists)
changes to the DSM-5
-gambling disorder added to DSM-5 as separate disorder
-new criterion: craving or strong desire or compulsion added to substance use disorder
-introduced criteria that severity of substance use disorder is dependent on how many criteria you meet
-removed necessity for one criteria of drug abuse to be physiological
gaming disorder
-section 3 of DSM-5, but not separate disorder
-added as a cond warranting more research
gaming disorder in ICD-11
-gaming disorder as a separate cond
-pattern of behaviour either digital or video gaming
-impaired control over gaming
-increased priority to gaming over other things
-continuation or escalation of gaming despite neg consequences
(many features relate to those of substance abuse)
internet addiction
griffiths: internet addiction fulfills core components of addiction
-salience: even when not online, you are thinking about when you next will be
-mood modification: buzz or high when log on, escape or numbing feeling when online for hrs
-tolerance: users gradually increase time online for mood modifying effect initially experienced in less time
-withdrawal: shakes or moodiness, irritability etc
-conflict: conflict between addict and others or with work etc
-relapse: might try to control use but relapse
wise and bozarth
the role of physical dependence in addiction is suggested to vary from drug to drug and to be of secondary importance in the understanding of compulsive drug self administration
how can we conceptualise behavioural addiction without pathologenizing common behaviours
Kardefelt - Winther et al
-we spend a lot of time doing lots of behaviours e.g gardening, running etc
-can these be classed as addictions we need to look at parallels between drug and behavioural addictions and the criteria in the ICD and DSM
-is it helpful to classify all these diff addictions? or to just define addiction that can be applied elsewhere
-this is the direction research needs to take
