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Psychiatric > Psycho-Neurochemistry > Flashcards

Psycho-Neurochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

process by which electrical signals (nerve impulse) are converted into chemical signals by presynaptic neuron

A

signal transduction

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2
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

convert chemical signals back into electrical signals

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3
Q

receptors proteins (synaptic connection)

A

detect neurotransmitters receptors are made of proteins & are found in the pre & post synaptic neuronal membrane.

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4
Q

detection of neurotransmitters

A

activation of postsynaptic neuron

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5
Q

activation of postsynaptic neuron

A

causes membrane depolarisation (excitation ) or hyperpolarisation(Inhibition)

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6
Q

type of synapses

A

chemical - use neurotransmitters
electrical - electric current & charged ions
conjoint - both chemical & electrical synapses

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7
Q

synapses are either

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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8
Q

excitatory synapses

A

induce membrane depolarisation (more positive)

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9
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

induce membrane hyperpolarization (more negative)

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10
Q

types of neurotransmitters include

A

biogenic amines
amino acid
peptide acid (encephalins hormones endocannabinoids)

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11
Q

biogenic amines

A

make up 5-10% of neuro messengers in CNS
Including:
1.Catecholamines (Dopamine, epinephrine & nor epinephrine)
2.Indole amines (serotonin-5HT)
3.Quaternary amines (acetylcholine)
4.Ethyl amines (histamine)

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12
Q

amino acid

A

make up 60% of neuro messengers

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13
Q

peptide acid

A

make up the rest of neuro messengers around 30%

include encephalins hormones and endocannabinoids

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14
Q

encephalins

A

act on opiate receptors such as

  • beta endorphins
  • substance p
  • vasopressin
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Neurotensin (NT)
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15
Q

neurotransmitter hormone

A
  • thyrotropin also called thyroliberin releasing hormone or factor (TRH)
  • neuropeptide Y
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
  • corticotropin releasing factor(CRF)
  • rexins.
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16
Q

types of receptors

A
  • polypeptide chains receptors

- nicotnic acetylcholine receptors

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17
Q

polypeptide chains receptors

A
  • adrenergic
  • D2 dopaminergic
  • M1 muscarinic
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18
Q

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

A

complex of several proteins respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

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19
Q

what initiates metabolic changes

A

when transmitter binds with receptor ion channels are opened allowing ions to traverse the membrane & initiate metabolic changes

20
Q

efficiency of receptors depend on

A

receptors sensitivity to neurotransmitters once they are released in the synapse

21
Q

receptors sensitivity to neurotransmitters depends on

A
  • number of receptors available
  • affinity for the neurotransmitter
  • efficiency of the receptor (high or low)
22
Q

based on sensitivity there are three type of receptors 3

A
  • ion linked receptors (ionotropic) protein structures once binds with neurotransmitter open ion channels within milliseconds
  • g proteins receptors whose actions are linked with binding of guanine ( guanyl) nucleotides
  • membrane linked kinase receptors
23
Q

neuron cells containing dopamine are located in

A

nigrostiatal pathways
mesolimbic pathways
mesocortical pathways
tuberoinfundibular pathways

24
Q

members of the D1 like family

A
  • D1 & D5

- activation is excitatory

25
Q

members of the D2 like family

A
  • D2 D3 & D5
  • activation is inhibitory
  • most relvant in psychiatry
26
Q

clinical potency of antipsychotic drugs is related to

A

their binding affinity to D2 recptors in the caudate & putamen whose blockade results in unwanted motor disturbances eg extra pyramidal side effects
(pseudoparkinsonism )

27
Q

acts as prolactin release inhibiting factor in the anterior pituitary

A

Dopamine

28
Q

dopamine precursor used to treat parkinsonism & its associated depression

A

Ldopa (levodopa)

29
Q

synthesis of dopamine

A

tyrosine
⇣ tyrosine hydroxylase (tetrahydrobiopterin)
dopa
⇣ L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (pyridoxal
phosphate)
dopamine

30
Q

synthesis of adrenaline and epinephrine

A

dopamine
⇣ Dopamine-beta hydroxylase (ascorbic acid)
noradrenaline and adrenaline
⇣ Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
adrenaline and epinephrine

31
Q

breakdown of dopamine

A 
Dopamine
 ⇣   catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
3-Methoxy-4hydroxy-Phenylenthylamine
 ⇣  monoamine oxidase (MAO)
3-Methoxy-4hydroxy-Phnylacteal Dehyde 
 ⇣  aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
Homovanilic (HVA) (3-Methoxy-4hydroxy-phenylacetic) 🚅
 ⇣  transported for excretion (COMT)
Dihydroxyphenylactic acid 
 ⇣  aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
Dihydrophenyl-Acetaldehyde
 ⇣  monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Dopamine
32
Q

where are noradrenergic neurons located

A

locus ceruleus within the pons

33
Q

improve depression

A

tricyclic antidepressants and monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

34
Q

side effects of antidepressants and MAOIS

A

sedation and hypotension

35
Q

useful in the management of heroin withdrawal symptoms

A

clonidine an alpha 2 agonist antihypertensive

stimulate pre synaptic alpha 2 receptors minimising the adrenergic activity associated with withdrawal symptoms

36
Q

treatment of lithium-induced tremors, social phobia and akathisia

A

propranolol (inderal) beta blocker

37
Q

highest concentration of serotonin neurons is in the

A

upper pons and mid-brain

38
Q

acetylcholine neurons are located in the

A

mid- and hind-brain and have projections from the nucleus basalis of Meynet to the hippocampus.

39
Q

excessive blockade of the central nervous cholinergic receptors leads to

A

confusion and delirium condition referred as narcoleptic malignant syndrome

40
Q

H1 receptor

A

blockade is the mechanism of action of anti allergic medications

41
Q

H2 receptor

A

doxepin (antidepressant)

42
Q

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate have high concentrations the

A

amygdala basal ganglia hypothalamus the limbic system but available all over the cns

43
Q

benzodiazepines alcohol & barbiturate act on

A

GABA receptor complex

44
Q

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cns

A

GABA

45
Q

main excitatory in the cns

A

glutamate

46
Q

peptides regulate

A

stress and pain

47
Q

bruxism

A

grinding of teeth given clonazepam or clonidine

Psychiatric (3 decks)

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