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psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

why is it hard to diagnose psychological conditions

A

diagnose by symptom cluster (essentially working backwards)
uncertainty about diagnosis
no scientific basis to diagnose

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2
Q

intense anxiety (short periods) symptoms

A

sudden fear
heart racing
shaking
dry mouth

(10-15 mins)

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3
Q

what is anxiety

A

constellation of psychological + physiological responses to potential/uncertain threat

exists to automatically motivate us to avoid harm

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4
Q

state vs trait anxiety

A

state = reflective of situations - temporary feeling of being anxious

trait = individual’s tendency to experience state anxiety under certain stresses

peoples trait anxiety determines the amount/type of stressors needed to induce a state anxiety

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5
Q

factors impacting trait anxiety

A

genetic factors
environment - adapting to experiences (main influence is relationships in early childhood)

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6
Q

what things perpetuate state anxiety (positive feedback loops)

A

avoidance
attentional & cognitive bias
negative automatic thoughts - worrying
poor sleep

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7
Q

what is avoidance

A

result of state anxiety => avoiding what causes the fear

leads to perpetuation of conditioned fear

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8
Q

anxiety vs anxiety disorder

A

disorder = self perpetuating network of positive feedback loops arising from responses that are usually adaptive (i.e normal anxiety)

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9
Q

psychic symptoms of anxiety

A

feeling of fear/dread

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10
Q

physical symptoms of anxiety

A

palpitations
sweating
dry mouth
splanchnic vasoconstriction (butterflies)
tremor
paraesthesia
depersonalisation
syncope

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11
Q

ego-dystonic vs ego-syntonic delusions

A

dystonic - they know that the delusions are not real

syntonic - believe the delusions are correct

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12
Q

obsessions in OCD [5]

A

ego-dystonic thoughts

repetitive, circular ruminations

insight is still maintained

unbidden (thoughts/feelings arise without command)

attempts of resistance => leads to anxiety

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13
Q

compulsions in OCD

A

motor response to obsessive thoughts
- ritualistic, stereotyped, precise

start again if interrupted or in doubt

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14
Q

main classifications of anxiety

A

generalised anxiety disorder
panic disorder
agoraphobia (hate leaving home/crowded spaces)
simple phobia (one thing)
social phobia

(also: OCD + PTSD)

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15
Q

management of panic disorder anxiety

A

CBT - cognitive behaviour therapy
clomipramine

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16
Q

ruminations about ending ones life

A

suicidal ideation

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17
Q

core features of depression

A

pervasive low mood/sadness
loss of energy - anergia
loss of enjoyment - anhedonia (emptyness)

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18
Q

physical symptoms of depression [7]

A

loss of appetite
weight loss
diurnal mood variation (wake up depressed - get better later on)
poor sleep
loss of libido
constipation
psychomotor slowing/agitation

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19
Q

psychological symptoms of depression

A

poor concentration
guilt
hopelessness
low self esteem
indecisive
suicidal ideation
delusions

20
Q

depression treatment

A

antidepressants
psychological therapies - CBT
social prescribing

21
Q

argument linking antidepressants to suicide

A

depression = anergy (have ideation of suicide but no energy to go through with it)

antidepressants = get rid of the anergy => enough energy to complete suicide attempt

(bupropion)

22
Q

most used antidepressant

A

sertraline (SSRI)

23
Q

symptoms of mania

A

elated mood
irritability
over-energised
grandiose
little need for sleep
poor concentration
poor judgement
over spending
rapid + non-stop speech

24
Q

post manic depression

A

more severe than unipolar => suffering consequences of things they did in the mania

also called - bipolar depression

25
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations
delusion
abnormal behaviour
disorganised speech
emotional disturbances

26
Q

hallucination

A

hearing, seeing or feeling things that aren’t there

27
Q

delusion

A

fixed false beliefs that aren’t shared by others in their culture and are firmly held even when there is evidence to the contrary

result of an effort to make sense of perplexity

28
Q

delusion of passivity

A

feeling that they are being controlled by someone else

29
Q

delusion of thought alienation

A

feel that their thoughts are no longer within their control

thought insertion - thoughts are being added
thought broadcast - people can see their thoughts
thought deletion - thoughts are being removed

30
Q

types of abnormal behaviour in schizophrenia

A

aimless wandering
mumbling or laughing to themselves
strange appearance
self neglect
appearing unkempt

31
Q

formal thought disorder

A

part of schizophrenia

failing to follow the semantic and syntactic rules of language (all real words but make no sense)

32
Q

treatment of schizophrenia

A

antipsychotics
psychological therapies
family therapy
art therapy

33
Q

main functions of brain

A

organise sensory input
make sense of sensory + social information
survival
maximise efficiency

34
Q

factors impacting trait anxiety

A

genetic factors
environment - adapting to experiences (main influence is relationships in early childhood)

35
Q

how compulsions arise in addiction

A

state of distress

leads to stress reducing behaviour (self harm/substance/ED/rituals)

temporary relief

leads to negative reinforcement of behaviour

increased urge to repeat (becomes subconscious as frontal lobe space is freed up for other things)

habit forms = compulsion

(increases the state of distress further e.g debt)

36
Q

what is psychosis

A

causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them

i.e. madness => less relatable to other mental illnesses

reality failure

37
Q

what things can present as psychosis

A

personality disorder
dementia
delerium
severe depression

38
Q

doxastic shear-pin

A

phenomenon where part of the brain is allowed to fail without crashing the whole system entirely

(how people with psychosis can still function while the thinking part of their brain is shutting down slowly)

39
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations
delusions (control/though interference)
persecutory beliefs
grandiose

40
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

anhedonia
apathy
social withdrawal
blunted mood

41
Q

disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia

A

thought disorder
disorganised speech
inappropriate affect

42
Q

what is perplexity

A

disruption of language or meaning

aberrant saliency - irrelevant stimuli attract attention

overwhelming sense that theres something wrong

43
Q

dopamine in schizophrenia

A

anticipated reward - directs attention
reward prediction error signalling
salience

44
Q

causes of psychosis

A

genes
developmental adversity/abuse
neurodevelopmental
life stressors
relationship with recreational drugs

45
Q

treatment for psychosis

A

antipsychotics - antidopaminergic

psychological therapies - CBT, avatar therapy

social support

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