Psychiatric/Mental Health (Exam One) Flashcards
An individuals reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response is known as what?
Stress
Describe healthy adaptations to stress.
- Stabilizing internal biological processes
- Preserving self-esteem
Adaptive responses are behaviors that ______ ____ _______ ___ ____ ________.
Maintain the integrity of the individual
Maladaptive responses by the individual are _________ ____ ___ ________ ___ ________.
Considered to be harmful or unhealthy
List examples of adaptive responses.
- Journal
- Exercise
- Relax
List examples of maladaptive responses.
- Substance abuse
- Social isolation
- Lash out in anger
A biological, psychological, social, or chemical factor that causes physical or emotional tension and may contribute to the development of certain illnesses is known as what?
Stressor
What is the effect on the body if an individual endures stress for a prolonged period of time?
- Compromises the immune system
- Become more susceptible to disease and illness
List the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome.
- Alarm reaction stage
- Stage of resistance
- Stage of exhaustion
Describe the alarm reaction stage.
Physiological responses of fight-or-flight syndrome are initiated
Describe the stage of resistance.
- Uses physiological responses from previous stage as defense mechanism to adapt
- If adaptation occurs the third stage is prevented/delayed
Describe the stage of exhaustion.
- Body responds to prolonged exposure to a stressor
- Adaptive energy is depleted
- Chronic illness/disease may occur
Why types of stressors are not resolved as rapidly as physical stressors and may deplete the bodies adaptive energy more quickly?
- Psychological stressors
- Emotional stressors
The process by which an individual’s response to change results in preservation of individual integrity or timely return to equilibrium is known as what?
Adaptation
Which biological system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
Sympathetic nervous system
What effects does epinephrine have on the body?
- Increase respiratory rate
- Increase heart rate
- Increase muscle strength
- Increase blood glucose for energy
- Slows digestion
- Dilates pupils
A 25-year-old man barely avoids a motor vehicle accident. His heart is pounding, his palms are sweaty, and his respirations are increased. This is an example of which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A. Alarm reaction stage B. Stage of resistance C. Stage of exhaustion D. Stage of biological stress
A
What tool measures stress?
Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ)
A ______ score on the RLCQ places in the individual at ______ susceptibility to physical or psychological illness
- High
- Greater
For a time frame of 6-months, what score is indicative of a high level of recent life stress according to the RLCQ?
Equal to or greater than 300 life changing units (LCU)
For a time frame of 1-year, what score is indicative of a high level of recent life stress according to the RLCQ?
Equal to or greater than 500 life changing units (LCU)
Life changes questionnaires have been criticized because they do not consider what factors?
- Individual perception of event
- Cultural variation
- Individual coping strategies
- Available support systems during event
What factors reduce the intensity of stressful life changes and promote a more adaptive response?
- Positive coping mechanisms
- Strong social/familial support
What is cognitive appraisal?
Individual evaluation of the personal significance of an event or occurrence
The cognitive response consists of what two phases?
- Primary appraisal
- Secondary appraisal
List the three types of primary appraisal.
- Irrelevant
- Benign-positive
- Stressful
Describe irrelevant primary appraisal.
Outcome holds no significance to individual
Describe benign-positive primary appraisal.
Perceived as producing pleasure for the individual
Stress appraisals include what three subdivisions?
- Harm/loss
- Threat
- Challenge
Describe harm or loss appraisals.
Damage or loss already experienced by the individual
Describe threat appraisals.
Perceived as an anticipated harms or losses
Describe challenging appraisals.
Individual focuses on potential for gain or growth rather than risks
Challenge appraisals produce _______ even though the emotions associated with it are positive.
Stress
When stress is produced in response to harm or loss, threat or challenge, what is made by the individual?
Secondary appraisal
What is secondary appraisal?
Assessment of skills, resources, and knowledge that a person possesses to deal with a situation
Which questions are asked during the secondary appraisal?
- Which coping strategies are available to me?
- Will the option I choose be effective in this situation?
- Do I have the ability to use the strategy in an effective manner?
A student with an A average is to take an exam. The student is relaxed and says the exam is not of concern because a failing grade would not affect successful completion of the course. What has contributed to this student’s adaptations response to stress?
A. The student judges the event as irrelevant
B. The actual precipitating event
C. The students cognitive appraisal of the situation
D. The event is appraised as challenging
C
_________ ________ strongly influence whether a response to stress is adaptive or maladaptive.
Prediosposing factors
List the types of predisposing factors according to Hobfoll.
- Genetic influences
- Past experiences
- Availability of resources
________ ____________ involves the use of coping strategies in response to stressful situations.
Stress management
Adaptive responses help restore the body to what state?
Homeostasis
What is resilience?
Positive adaptation in response to adversity
Coping strategies are considered adaptive if they do what?
- Protect individual from harm
- Strengthen individuals ability to meet challenging situations
The nurse knows what about a patient who is appearing overly anxious in the moment?
Patient needs to be calmed down before implementing coping strategies
List examples of adaptive coping strategies.
- Awareness
- Relaxation
- Meditation
- Interpersonal communication
- Problem-solving
- Pets
- Music